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OB/GYN REVIEW > 2nd & 3rd Tri: Genitourinary System > Flashcards

2nd & 3rd Tri: Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

When can kidneys be detected?

A

12-14 weeks

pg. E 144

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2
Q

What is a normal renal pelvis measurement?

A

5 -10 mm (increasing with greater gestational age)

pg. E 144

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3
Q

When can the bladder be detected sonographically?

A

10 weeks

pg. E 144

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4
Q

How often does a bladder typically fill and empty?

A

every 20-30 min

pg. E 144

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5
Q

What structure can mimic the kidneys?

A

adrenal gland

pg. E 145

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6
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

congenital absence of one or both kidneys

pg. E 145

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7
Q

How common is unilateral renal agenesis?

A

1: 1000 births

pg. E 145

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8
Q

What is unilateral renal agenesis typically associated with?

A

single umbilical artery

pg. E 145

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9
Q

What is associated w/ bilateral renal agenesis?

A

Potter’s syndrome

pg. E 145

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10
Q

What are the sonographic findings of renal agenesis?

A

severe oligohydramnios
absence of kidneys and arteries
bilateral: bladder not seen
pg. E 145 O 393

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11
Q

What is autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)?

A

Potter’s Type 1
inherited by both parents
symmetric renal enlargement by multiple cysts
pg. E 146

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12
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Potter’s type 1?

A 
enlarged echogenic 
oligohydramnios
small bladder
normal (14-16 weeks)
pg. E 146
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13
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)?

A

Potter’s type 2
obstruction of kidney leading to cyst formation
pg. E 146

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14
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Potter’s type 2?

A

multiple, variable sized cysts
no bladder (if bilateral)
oligohydramnios
pg. E 146

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of fetal hydronephrosis?

A

ureteropelvic junction

pg. E 147

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16
Q

What is a ureteropelvic junction?

A

obstruction of urine flow from renal pelvis to ureter

pg. E 147

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17
Q

What are the sonographic findings of UPJ?

A

dilated renal pelvis
caliectasis (enlarged calyces)
normal AFI
pg. E 147 O 393

18
Q

What causes a UPJ obstruction?

A

abnormal bend in ureter
fibrous adhesions
pg. E 147 O 393

19
Q

What is the least common cause of hydronephrosis?

A

ureterovesical obstruction

pg. E 147

20
Q

Why does ureterovesical obstruction occur?

A

ureteral duplication w/ ureterocele
congenital
stenosis
pg. E 147-148 O 394

21
Q

Which gender are bladder outlet obstructions most common in?

A

males

pg. E 148

22
Q

What is the most common bladder outlet obstruction in males?

A

posterior urethral valves

pg. E 148

23
Q

What is the most common bladder outlet obstruction in females?

A

cloacal malformations or urethral atresia

pg. E 148

24
Q

What is posterior urethral valve obstruction?

A

presence of a membrane within posterior urethra so urine cannot pass
leads to overdistended bladder
pg. E 148 O 393

25
Q

What are the sonographic findings of posterior urethral valve obstruction?

A 
"keyhole" sign - bladder and urethra dilated
bladder wall thickening
hydroureter
hydronephrosis
oligohydramnios
pg. E 148 O 393
26
Q

What is urethral atresia?

A

absent urethra that results in complete obstruction
incompatible w/ life
pg. E 149

27
Q

Which gender can get urethral artresia?

A

both

pg. E 149

28
Q

What are the sonographic findings of urethral atresia?

A

no amniotic fluid > 16 wks
pulmonary hypoplasia
pg. E 149

29
Q

What is cloacal malformation?

A

convergence of GI and GU tracts
single opening in the perineum empties both GI and GU
if obstructed GI and GU tracts are dilated
pg. E 149

30
Q

What are the findings of cloacal malformation?

A

severe obstruction
oligohydramnios
poor prognosis
pg. E 149

31
Q

What is a urachal cyst?

A

cystic mass between the fetal anterior abdominal wall and the anterior portion of the bladder
pg. E 149

32
Q

What is another name for Prune Belly Syndrome?

A

Eagle-Barrett syndrome

pg. E 149

33
Q

What is Prune Belly Syndrome?

A

weakened abdominal wall musculature w/ dilated bladder/ureters/kidneys
pg. E 149

34
Q

What is the most common cause of prune belly syndrome?

A

posterior urethral valves

pg. E 149

35
Q

What are the sonographic findings of prune belly syndrome?

A 
abnormal compression of abdominal wall
oligohydramnios
bilateral hydronephrosis
distended bladder
pg. E 149
36
Q

When do testes typically descend into scrotum?

A

26-34 weeks

pg. E 150

37
Q

Are hydroceles common?

A

small are common
large need to be evaluated postnatal
pg. E 150

38
Q

What is a fetus w/ male genitalia and ovaries described as?

A

46XX intersex or hermaphroditism

39
Q

When do the kidneys begin to produce urine?

A

12 weeks

40
Q

When do the kidneys take over on fluid production?

A

16 weeks

OB/GYN REVIEW (16 decks)

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