1: Empirical Methods Introduction

Question 1

why is empirical research conducted VS why should it be conducted?

Answer 1

often for publicity or politics;

it should be for making better decisions!

Question 2

why is empirical research useful? 2 reasons

Answer 2

1. it challenges implicit bias
2. big data is full of noise

Question 3

empirical research in 6(7) steps

Answer 3

1. Define the Problem
2. Determine Research Design
3. Design Data Collection Method and Form
4. • Design Sample and Collect Data
5. Analyze and Interpret Data
6. Prepare the Research Report & Presentation

Question 4

how to define the problem: 4 guidelines + 1 goal

Answer 4

cwdl

1. be precise & clear
2. ask why
3. distinguish problem from symptoms
4. consult scientific literature

=> formulate 1 hypothesis!

Question 5

the hypothesis: def

Answer 5

states the relationship b/w an independent and a dependent variable

Question 6

null VS alternative hyp.

Answer 6

null => conservative hypothesis (no difference)

VS

alternative => new insights

Question 7

hyp. taxonomy on 2 dims

Answer 7

D1:

• differential = there is a diff
  VS
• coherence = the higher X, the higher Y

D2:

• one-tailed = assuming the direction
  VS
• two-tailed = not assuming the direction
  of the relationship bw X & Y

Question 8

3 types of research designs

Answer 8

1. exploratory -
   - > learn about problem & identify research opportunities (used when there is no lit.)
2. descriptive
   - -> describe, like in politics
3. experimental
   - -> uncover causes through manipulation

Question 9

3 sampling options in research design

Answer 9

• longitudinal
• cross-sectional
  
  • single
    or
  • multiple

Question 10

deductive VS inductive method

+ typically

Answer 10

from lit. to hyp. (confirmatory)
VS
from data to hyp. (exploratory) –> typically, you mix

Question 11

5 req. of ethical social research (2+2+1)

Answer 11

v.i.a.con.fabri.

1. voluntary participation
2. informed consent
3. anonymity
   or at least
4. confidentiality
5. no data fabrication