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Psychology 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Examples of biosychological theories of personality

A
  • Galen’s Humoral Theory: personality cam from excess of bodily fluid
  • Phrenology: skull shape
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3
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective of personality (Freud’s Theory)

A

-Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality. Emphasized unconscious motivation- the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

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4
Q

Three Main Structures of our Personality

A
  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
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5
Q

Id

A
  • 100% unconscious
  • pleasure principle
  • has urges, desires, wants; seeks pleasure and avoid pain, irrational, wants what you want no matter the reality
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6
Q

Ego

A
  • Boss of mind

- Tell you what is right/wrong; can be irrational

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7
Q

Superego

A
  • moral

- decision maker

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8
Q

Interaction between Id + Ego + Superego

A

Id + Superego + outside forces are telling you what you want to do, but the ego decides what to do

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9
Q

Defense Mechanism

A

is in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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10
Q

Why do we use defense mechanisms?

A

to reduce anxiety (the ego’s way)

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11
Q

Defense Mechanism Examples

A
  • repression
  • regression
  • rationalization
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • displacement
  • sublimation
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12
Q

Repression

A

pushing down any unwanted feelings into the unconscious

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13
Q

Regression

A

when we have too much anxiety, we regress (go back) and think of the way we acted in earlier life to calm down

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14
Q

Rationalization

A

when you have anxiety, you come up with another reason for your thoughts and behavior to make you feel better

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15
Q

Reaction Formation

A

you have anxiety that makes you uncomfortable, so you behave in the opposite way; kill them with kindness

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16
Q

Projection

A

you have unwanted feelings and you project them on someone else

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17
Q

Displacement

A

you have feelings and you displace those feelings else where

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18
Q

Sublimation

A

redirect energy into a socially acceptable way

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19
Q

Are Freud’s ideas/theories still considered valid?

A

NO

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20
Q

Projective Tests

A

personality test, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics (draw out peoples feelings)

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21
Q

Objective Tests

A

direct and to the point, ask direct questions about thoughts, feelings, and behavior (not ambiguous)

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22
Q

Trait

A

characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to fell and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

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23
Q

Goal of a trait perspective of personality

A

specify a set of distinct personality dimensions for use in summarizing fundamental psychological differences

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24
Q

‘BIG FIVE” personality traits

A
  • Emotional Stability
  • Extraversion
  • Openness
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
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25
Q

Emotional Stability

A

Calm vs anxious
secure vs insecure
self-satisfied vs self-pitying

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26
Q

Extraversion

A

sociable vs retiring
fun-loving vs sober
affectionate vs. reserved

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27
Q

Openness

A

imaginative vs practical
preference for variety vs preference for routine
independent vs conforming

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28
Q

Agreeableness

A

soft-hearted vs ruthless
trusting vs suspicious
helpful vs uncooperative

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29
Q

Conscientiousness

A

organized vs disorganized
careful vs careless
disciplined vs impulsive

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30
Q

Why do psychologists care about individual differences in personality?

A

If we measure them right, we might be able to predict things, and who is more likely to do certain things (good/bad behavior)

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31
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions

32
Q

Medical Model

A

concept that disease, in the case of psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital; good but incomplete

33
Q

Biopyschosocial approach

A

holistic approach (look at biology, psychology, and sociology)

34
Q

Maladaptive Approach

A

type of behavior that inhibit a persons ability to adjust to a particular situation. The individual falls into these behaviors in an attempt to escape discomforts of life

35
Q

DSM

A
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • Work in progress, descriptive, focused on observable symptoms
  • Labeling (summarize patients symptoms and covey info)
36
Q

Rosenhan Classical Study

A

found that labels can also be harmful/inaccurate

37
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

38
Q

How do Anxiety Disorders differ from Ordinary Worries and Fears?

A

Feel some level of anxiety consistently

39
Q

GAD (General Anxiety Disorder)

A

A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

40
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

41
Q

Phobia

A

Marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situations; have a specific target

42
Q

OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

A

Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

1) obsessive thoughts – constant thoughts and anxiety
2) repetitive behaviors (compulsions) so that the obsessive thoughts go away

43
Q

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

A

Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

44
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear and often avoid places/situations that might cause you to panic and make you feel trapped, helpless or embarrassed

45
Q

Mood Disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

46
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (depression)

A

person experiences, in the absence of drugs and medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

47
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

person alternates between the hopelessness of lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

48
Q

Possible Causes of Mood Disorders

A

Genes, brain, hormones, cognitions, stressful events, abuse, etc

49
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

a broken connection in your memory

50
Q

DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)

A

multiple personalities disorder

51
Q

Schizophrenia

A

group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

52
Q

Disorganized Thinking

A

Jumbled thoughts, cannot put pieces of puzzle together to form cognitive sentence

53
Q

Delusional Thinking

A

delusions and hallucinations; false beliefs

54
Q

Disturbed Perceptions

A

thinking things are there when they are not

55
Q

Inappropriate Emotions

A

Delusions and hallucinations that cause inappropriate emotions such as laughing and crying

56
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs

ex) person walks by and smiles at you, leads you to believe that they are trying to kill you

57
Q

Hallucinations

A

thinking things are there when they are not

58
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

(Sociopath) mental heath disorder characterized by the disregard for other people and their feelings, no regard for right and wrong

59
Q

Conformity

A

when you adjust your behavior/thinking to match other people

60
Q

Normative Conformity

A

conform because you want approval or don’t conform because you are worried about what others will think

61
Q

Causes for Schizophrenia

A
  • Brain abnormalities
  • Anatomy
  • Excess dopamine receptors
  • Midpregnancy viral infections
  • Genes
62
Q

Informational Conformity

A

conforming because you think those people know something that you don’t know

63
Q

Social Psychology

A

scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others

64
Q

Conditions that Strengthen Conformity

A
  • feeling insecure
  • when three or more people are present
  • when group is anonymous
  • if you view the people you are with as higher, more attractive, etc.
  • if you made no prior commitment
  • if you’re being watched
  • culture
65
Q

Asch’s Study on Conformity

A

Study with bar graphs, found that even when you know the right answer, you won’t choose the right answer if all of the other people around you are choosing the wrong answer

66
Q

Confederate

A

researcher who is pretending to be apart of the study

67
Q

Social Facilitation

A

when you behave better just because others are there

68
Q

Social Loafing

A

sometimes the presence of others makes you slack off

69
Q

Deindividualization

A

do things that we wouldn’t do if we weren’t in a big group (lose identity)

70
Q

Group Polarization

A

ideas/beliefs/values; get into a group of people that have the same beliefs so the bond is stronger

71
Q

Groupthink

A

idea that you have to come to a decision about (feel a need for harmony/peace) we forget to think deeply about our decision

72
Q

Milligram’s Obedience Research

A

research was to see how far the teacher would go in while shocking a confederate. 2/3 of the people went all the way to the end

73
Q

Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment

A

“prisoner” and “guard” roles. Experiment got way out of hand. Guards became overly abusive. prisoners became psychologically troubled

74
Q

Altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

75
Q

Bystander Effect

A

social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals d not offer any means of hep to a victim when other people are present

76
Q

Three Things that Lead us to Help Others:

A

1) You notice
2) See it as an emergency
3) assume some responsibility for helping

77
Q

Other Factors that relate to our likelihood to help:

A

person appears to need and deserve help, the person is in some way similar to us, we have observed someone else being helpful, we are not in a hurry, we are in a small town/rural, we feel guilty, we are focused on others and not preoccupied, we are in a good mood

Psychology 101 (4 decks)

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