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A&P 2! > AP 2 T3 (2) > Flashcards

AP 2 T3 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

NK cells destryoy unhealthy cells by released what?

A

cyotoxic chemicals

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2
Q

Cyotoxic chemicals from NK cells include which two things and what do those function to do?

A

include perforin, forming transmembrane pore in unwanted cells
• include granzymes, initiating apoptosis

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3
Q

Apoptosis:

A

form of cellular death

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4
Q

Interferons is a group of ___ proteins

A

antimicrobial proteins

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5
Q

Interferons is a class of ___ released from what?

A

Class of cytokines released from leukocytes, fibroblasts

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6
Q

Intererons is non-specific defense mechanisms against ____?

A

– Non-specific defense mechanism against viral spread

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7
Q

Interferons is released from ___ infected cell/

A

– Released from virus-infected cell

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8
Q

Interferons binds receptors of neighboring cells why?

A

prevent them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis of enzymes destroying viral RNA or DNA
• triggers synthesis of enzymes that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins

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9
Q

Interferons stimulates macrophages and NK cells why?

A

stimulates to destroy virus-infected cells
• prevents them from becoming infected
• triggers synthesis

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10
Q

Complement is an important group of what

A

Important group of antimicrobial proteins

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11
Q

Complement is composed of what?

A

Composed at least 30 plasma proteins

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12
Q

HOw is complement identified?

A

Identified with letter “C” and number

• e.g., C2

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13
Q

Complement is synthesized by the ___. Its countinuously released in which form? and activated how?

A

– Synthesized by liver
• continuously released in inactive form
• activated in blood by enzyme cascade

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14
Q

Complement works along with what?

A

Work along with antibodies

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15
Q

Inflammation is immediate ____, _____ response.

A

Immediate, local, nonspecific response

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16
Q

Inflammation occurs in which type of tissue against a variety of ____.

A

Occurs in vascularized tissue against variety of stimuli
• e.g., response to scratch of skin, bee sting
• e.g., overuse of body structure

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17
Q

Inflammation is a major effector response of which type of immunity

A

Major effector response of innate immunity

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18
Q

Inflammation helps eliminate what from the body

A

– Helps eliminate most infectious agents from body

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19
Q

How many steps of inflammation are there?

A

3

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20
Q

The first step of inflammation involves what being release? Where is it released from? it includes what 4 factors

A

numerous chemicals released
• released from injured tissue, basophils, mast cells, infectious
organisms
• include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, chemotactic
factors

21
Q

The second step of inflammation involves the chemicals being released causing what? it does what to the capillaries and vessels? It also stimulates ____ of molecules for what adhesion?

A

• released chemicals causing responses in local blood vessels
• vasodilation, increased capillary permeability
• stimulate endothelium expression of molecules for leukocyte
adhesion

22
Q

CAM released during the second step of inflammation stands for what?

A

– cell-adhesion molecules, CAMs

23
Q

The third step of inflammation includes what 3 things?

A

margination, diapedesis and chemotaxis

24
Q

Margination involves what adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs?

A

leukocytes CAMs adhering to injured tissue capillaries CAMs

– like “cellular Velcro”

25
Q

Diapedesis involves cells ___ btwn vessels wall cells? they what to site of infection?

A

cells “squeezing out” between vessel wall cells

– migrate to site of infection

26
Q

Chemotaxis is migration of cells where? Chemicals are released from what? they diffuse __ and ___ immune cells. They may also release ___ inducing fever?

A

migration of cells along chemical gradient
– chemical released from damaged cells or pathogens
– diffuse outward and attract immune cells
– recruited cells releasing specific cytokines stimulating
leukopoiesis
– may also release pyrogens, inducing fever

27
Q

An effect is a ____ ______ of fluid from blood through waht?

A

– Net movement of fluid from blood through infected area

28
Q

Exudate is increased (3) things?

A

• increased fluid, protein, immune cells leaving capillaries

29
Q

Exudate delivers substances to help eliminate ___ and promote ___.

A

• delivers substances needed to eliminate pathogens and promote
healing

30
Q

Exudate raises what type of pressure?

A

• raises hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

Exudate causes additional fluid uptake by what

A

• additional fluid uptake by lymphatic capillaries

32
Q

Exudate carries away what 4 things?

A
  • carries away infectious agents, dead cells, cellular debris
  • lymph monitored as passes through lymph nodes
33
Q

Within ___ hours inflammatory response does what?

A

– Within 72 hours, inflammatory response slowing down

34
Q

After 72 slow down what 6 things happens?

A

monocytes exiting blood
• become macrophages and begin cleanup of affected area
• bacteria, damaged host cells, dying neutrophils destroyed by
macrophages
• fibroblasts multiplying and synthesizing collagen
• starts tissue repair
• may lead to formation of scar tissue

35
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation ?

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

36
Q

Redness is

A

increased blood flow

37
Q

Heat is

A

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity within the area

38
Q

Swelling is

A

increase in fluid loss from capillaries to interstital fluid

39
Q

Pain is a stimulaiton of what? chemical irritation by which 3 things?

A

pain receptors from compression from interstital fluid

-chemical irritation by kinins, prostalandins, microbe substances

40
Q

Loss of fxn with inflammation may occur when?

A

in severe cases

41
Q

Acute inflammatory response typically lasts how long? Sometimes if it persists in can turn into ___ inflammation?

A
  • typically lasts 8-10 days

* sometimes persists in process of chronic inflammation

42
Q

Fever is an abnormal elevation of what?

A

body temperature

43
Q

Fever is at least 1 degree C from normal temp which is what in C and F?

A

at least 1°C from normal (37°C)

44
Q

Fever may accompany ___ response.

A

May accompany inflammatory response

45
Q

Fever requires fluid intake to prevent ___. This is due to excess ____ ___.

A

– Requires increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration

• due to excess fluid loss

46
Q

Risks of a high fever

A

– Fever significant above 100 degrees F
– High fevers potentially dangerous
• 103 in children, slightly lower in adult
– Changes in metabolic pathways and denaturation of proteins
– Possible seizures
– Irreversible brain damage at greater than 106
– Death likely if temperature greater than 109

47
Q

Clinical View: Pus and Abscesses

A

Pus, exudate
• contains destroyed pathogens, dead leukocytes, macrophages,
cellular debris
• removed by lymphatic system or through skin
• if not completely cleared, may form abscess
– pus walled off with collagen fibers
– usually requires surgical intervention to remove

48
Q

Clinical View: Applying Ice for Acute Inflammation

A

Ice recommended for acute inflammation
– Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels
• decreases inflammatory response
– Numbs area and makes less painful

49
Q

Clinical View: Chronic Inflammation

A

– Inflammation continuing for longer than two weeks
– Characterized by macrophages and lymphocytes (not neutrophils)
– Can occur from overuse injuries
• e.g., tennis elbow or shin splints
– May occur if acute inflammation unable to eliminate pathogen
– May be due to autoimmune disorder
– Can lead to tissue destruction and scar tissue formation

A&P 2! (6 decks)

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