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Micro Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

A) What was the atmosphere when prokaryotes first inhabited earth?

A

anoxi- without oxygen

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2
Q

B) What is a chemotroph?

A

They break down non organic molecules to make energy

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3
Q

C) Where do you find anaerobic habitats today?

A

in skin, in the water, mud, tight soil

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4
Q

D) What are chemolitotrophs? What domain do most belong to?

A

oxidize reduced nonn org molecules. most belong to archea

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5
Q

E) What are Methanogens? How do they generate ATP? [Figure 11.1]

A

They are organisms that generate atp through oxidizing hygrogen using CO2 as eect acceptor and produces methane and h20

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6
Q

F) What are chemoorganotrophs?

A

oxidize orgnic compounds

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7
Q

G) How do sulfur and sulfate reducing bacteria get their energy? Where do they live?

A

sulfer springs etc. In intestinal tract. oxidize org compound and uses sulfer as the lect. accepter

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8
Q

H) What are the attributes of the genus Clostridium?

A

They are gram pos. bascillus and can form endospores. they live in anaerobic environmeents by aerobic org’s that take up the o2!

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9
Q

I) What are the lactic acid bacteria? What makes them different from other bacteria? [Figure 11.2 and 11.3]

A

They produce lactic acid . They do this by creating e via fermentation. They lack catalase, and can still live in organic environments

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10
Q

J) What are the attributes of the genus Propionibacterium?

A

gram pos irregulair shaped

Used in making swiss cheese. also ferments lactic acid

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11
Q

A) What are anoxygenic phototrophs? How do they get energy?

A

phototrophs that did not use h2o as electron donator instead used other organic molecules, or hyrdogen sulfide. Havce unique chloryphill aka bateriachorophyl and do not produce o2

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12
Q

B) What are the attributes of purple bacteria?

A

gram neg and have different pigments to harvest light. The entire photosystem is in the cytoplasm which has folds to increase surface area

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13
Q

A) What makes purple sulfur bacteria unique? What are their attributes? [Figure 11.4a]

A

larger in size have a flagella, and have gas vessicles to help them move in their aquatic environment. prefer using hydrogen sulfide as reducing power. they can us other inorganic molecules, or organic compounds ie pyruvate. Typically anaerobicStore sulfure in granuales withing the cell

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14
Q

B) What makes purple non-sulfur bacteria unique? What are their attributes?

A

They do not use hydrogen sulfide as an elect donator, but instead organic molo They do not have gas vessicles

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15
Q

C) What are green bacteria?

A

Gram neg bacteria

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16
Q

A) What are the attributes of green sulfur bacteria? [Figure 11.5]

A

L ike the purple sulfure, but have granules that store sulfur on the outside of the cell

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17
Q

D) What are filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria? What makes them unique?

A

Can grow in the dark and use chemo. They do not use sulfur for energy. Live in hot springs and forn colonies that can glide.

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18
Q

A) What is an oxygenic phototroph? How does it get its energy?

A

Uses water as an energy source (maybe oldest aerobic) cyanobacteria. They use e from light to convert co2 into organic molecuels

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19
Q

B) What is a primary producer? Give an example.

A

Use light and co2 to make organic molecules

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20
Q

C) What are the general characteristics of Cyanobacteria? [Figure 11.6 and 11.7]

A

Many shapes.nlive in similar environments to algea. Have philoprotiens that can absorbe wavelengths that many chloroplasts cannot. Believe this is what chloroplasts evolved from.

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21
Q

D) What are the characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria?

A

Characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria?
Very critical to ecology! Conver cos and n into organic molecules other organisms can use. Enzyme that catalyzed the n is destroyed by 02 and therefore the cell . so they have thick cell walls called heterocysts which lack photosystem 2 which produces 02

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22
Q

B) How do sulfur-oxidizing bacteria get energy? What are their general characteristics?

A

Take energy from reduced inorganic molecules. The electron acceptor is 02
They oxidize sulfure compuds. Use o2 as elect. acceptor and froduces sulfuric acid

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23
Q

A) What are some filamentous sulfur oxidizers? What are their general characteristics? [Figure 11.9]

A

Beggiatoa filomentous growth makes it possible for movement without flagella and thiothrix: are immobile and fasten to rocks etc. . Live in sulfer springs sewage polluted waters, and marine sediments. Store sulfure in intracellular granules

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24
Q

B) What are some unicellular sulfur oxidizers? What are their general characteristics? [Figure 11.10]
?

A

Used for bioleaching ( a process used to recover metals) this is because they oxidize insoluable metal sulfides into metal in a soluable form and produce fulferic acid

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25
Q

C) What are Nitrifiers? What are some of their attributes?

A

Gram neg. oxidize inorganic nitrogen compounds( ammonia ad nitrite).

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26
Q

D) What are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria? What is unique about them

A

Gram neg. they oxidize hydrogen. Thermophillic and oldest bacterial form in existence and use o2 as elect accepter

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27
Q

A) How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs get energy?

A

Oxidize org.n compounds and use 02 as elect. acceptor

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28
Q

B) How does an obligate aerobe get energy? Which group of bacteria get energy this way?

A

Use respiration exclusively( no fermentation) ty[ically air born

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29
Q

A) What are some characteristics of the genus Micrococus? [Figure 11.1]

A

A) What are some characteristics of the genus Micrococus? [Figure 11.1]
•Gram pos. micrococci.

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30
Q

B) What are some characteristics of the genus Mycobacterium?

A

Waxy cell membrane that requires acid fast staining. Typically rods that bunch together. Resistant to most microbials because there is no cell wall

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31
Q

C) What are some characteristics of the genus Pseudomonas? [Figure 11.12]

A

Gram neg rodnwith polar flagella. Oxidase pos. strict aerobes, but can live anaerobically ifnthere is nitrogen to be the elect. acceptor. Very diverse biochemical capability. Can be non patho and patho

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32
Q

D) What are some characteristics of the related genera Thermus and Deinococcus?

A

Heat stable. Gram neg. Deincoccus on the other side stains gram positive and can survive radiation

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33
Q

C) What are the oxygen requirements of facultative anaerobes? Which groups of bacteria fall in this category?

A

C) What are the oxygen requirements of facultative anaerobes? Which groups of bacteria fall in this category?
Use aerobic respiration if 02 is available, but if not they can use fermentation.
Corynebacteria& Enterobacteriaceae

34
Q

A) What are some characteristics of the genus Corynebacterium?

A

(gram pos pleomoric rods, arrange in v shaped forms)

35
Q

A) What do the terms coryneform or diphtheroid mean?

A

Refer to the v shape formation made by corynebacteria colonies

36
Q

B) What are the characteristics of the family Enterobacteriaceae? What other names do they go by?

A

,(gram pos rods, in intestinal tract) known as enterics or enterobacteria

37
Q

A) What are coliforms?

A

Enteric bacteria that ferment lactose

38
Q

A) What are the endospore-formers? [Figure 11.14]

A

A) What are the endospore-formers? [Figure 11.14]

Bacillus(spore in mid) and clostridium. Gram pos. form endospores

39
Q

B) What are some characteristics of the genus Azotobacter? [Figure 11.15]

A

B) What are some characteristics of the genus Azotobacter? [Figure 11.15]
Gram neg rod shaped. In soil. Can form resting form called systs can withstand drying and radiation, but not heat. Fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions

40
Q

C) What are some characteristics of myxobacteria? What do they do when nutrients are exhausted? [Figure 11.16]

A

C) What are some characteristics of myxobacteria? What do they do when nutrients are exhausted? [Figure 11.16] gram neg rods- secrete a slime that other cells congregate to, but then supplies run low so they form a fruiting body. The slime hardens the cells change and it becomes more resistant to heat, drying, and radiation

41
Q

D) What are the characteristics of the genus Streptomyces? [Figure 11.17]

A

D) What are the characteristics of the genus Streptomyces? [Figure 11.17]
Aerobic gram pos. resemble fungi in their pattern of growth. Produce enzymes that degrade organic compounds. Produce antibiotics like streptomyosin, tetra cycline, and erythromyosin
.

42
Q

E) What are the characteristics of the genus Agrobacterium? [Figure 11.18]

A

E) What are the characteristics of the genus Agrobacterium? [Figure 11.18]
Gram neg rod- cause plant tumour. Dothis by tranfering plasmid to a plant cell in a damaged area

43
Q

A) What is the Ti plasmid? How do they use it?

A

A) What is the Ti plasmid? How do they use it?

Tomour inducind plasmid which messes with growth hormone of the plant

44
Q

F) What are Rhizobia? What are their attributes? [Figure 11.19 and Root Nodule Formation video*]

A

F) What are Rhizobia? What are their attributes? [Figure 11.19 and Root Nodule Formation video*]
Gram neg rods- fix nitrogen and form relationship with legumes. Live in the roots of plants. The plants control the o2 and so the bacteria are able to fix nitrogen

45
Q

A) What are sheathed bacteria? What is their role? [Figure 11.20]

A

Awuatic, form chains of cells encased within a tube, This protects bacteria and allows it to attatch to solid obects. And group together

46
Q

B) What are prosthecate bacteria?

A

B) What are prosthecate bacteria?
Gram neg that have projection called prosthecae( extention of cytoplasm wall that provide increased surface area for absorbtion.

47
Q

A) What are the characteristics of the genus Caulobacter? [Figure 11.21 and Appendaged Bacteria video*]

A

A) What are the characteristics of the genus Caulobacter? [Figure 11.21 and Appendaged Bacteria video*]
Have single prosthacae “stalk”. It splits, but end opposite of p. gets a flagella this daughter cell is called a motile swarmer. This then swims around and attatched to the p. and then it looses it’s flagella and relplaces it with a stalk, making it possible to replicate later.

48
Q

B) What are the characteristics of the genus Hyphomicrobium? [Figure 11.22 and Appendaged Bacteria video*]

A

B) What are the characteristics of the genus Hyphomicrobium? [Figure 11.22 and Appendaged Bacteria video*]
This one forms a but on the prosthacae which then this forms a flagellum and a new daughter cell (swarmer cell/0 this detatches and moves to new location eventually losing it’s flagella and growing a p.

49
Q

C) What are the characteristics of the genus Bdellovibrio? [Figure 22.23 and Bdellovibrio video*]

A

C) What are the characteristics of the genus Bdellovibrio? [Figure 22.23 and Bdellovibrio video*]
Gram neg curved rod that prey on ecoli and toher gram nef bacteria. It will hit the other bacteria and propel it a short distance. Then it attatches and releases and enzyme to break down the cell wall. It then degrades and utilizes the cellular contents and used aa and acetate for e

50
Q

D) What does it mean to be bioluminescent? What bteria can do this? How is it done? [Figure 11.24]

A

D) What does it mean to be bioluminescent? What bacteria can do this? How is it done? [Figure 11.24]
Photobacterium and vibrio. Iit creates ight via an enzyme luciferase. Only works in a chorum. Gram neg curved rods with flagella. Form symbiotic relationship with fish

51
Q

E) What are some of the characteristics of the genus Epulopiscium?

A

E) What are some of the characteristics of the genus Epulopiscium?
Gram pos in intestine of surgeon fish.basiclally lyce in giving rise to a daughter cell.

52
Q

F) What are some of the characteristics of the genus Legionella?

A

F) What are some of the characteristics of the genus Legionella?
Reside within protozoa. Gram neg obligate aerobes, but use aa instead of carbs

53
Q

G) What are the spirochetes? [Figure 11.25]

A

G) What are the spirochetes? [Figure 11.25]
Gram neg. can move through thick environments like mud. Have endoflagellum ( which have two one on each side inside the periplasm.) This causes it to move like a corkscrew.

54
Q

I) What are magnetotactic bacteria?

A

I) What are magnetotactic bacteria?

Have magnetic chrystals which align them with earths magnetism. Gram neg spiral

55
Q

J) Why do some bacteria form storage granules?

A

J) Why do some bacteria form storage granules?

To store sulfur, or phosphates, and other nutrients ect. That can be used in making e

56
Q

K) What are the characteristics of the genus Spirillium?

A

K) What are the characteristics of the genus Spirillium?

Gram neg spiral- microaeroic

57
Q

L) Why is it an advantage to some bacteria to store both sulfur and nitrate?

A

L) Why is it an advantage to some bacteria to store both sulfur and nitrate?
They can store the e source s and nitrate the elect acceptor because it’s environement doesn’t provide both. So it goes to one and saves then to another and then saves

58
Q

A) Go over table 11.3

A

q

59
Q

B) Which bacteria live on the skin?

A

staphylococcus. ones that can survive the dry and salty environment.

60
Q

C) What are some characteristics of the genus Staphylococcus?

A

gram pos cocci. facultative anaerobes. catalase pos.

61
Q

D) Which bacteria inhabit mucous membranes?

A

corynbacteria, streptococcus, clostridium, and enterobactereaceae

62
Q

E) What are some characteristics of the genus Bacteroids?

A

strictly aerobic. pram neg rods and coccobacilli. inhabit mouth, gi tract, and genital

63
Q

F) What are some characteristics of the genus Bifidobacterium?

A

gram pos irregular rods anaerobes ptimarily in gi tract . thought to provide protection from diseases

64
Q

G) What are some characteristics of the genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter?

A

helicobacter: causes stomach ulcers produces urease
campylobacter: causes diahreal disease
both are gram neg rods.

65
Q

H) What are some characteristics of the genus Haemophilus?

A

gram neg coccobacilli. they require hematin and or Nad which are found in the blood. respiratory like meningitis, or std

66
Q

I) What are some characteristics of the genus Neisseria?

A

gram neg. kidney bean shaped cocci. grow on mucous membranes

67
Q

J) What are some characteristics of the genus Mycoplasma? [Figure 11.26]

A

mycoplasma . lack cell walls

68
Q

K) What are some characteristics of the genera Treponema and Borrelia?

A

spirochetes that inhabit body fluids and mucous membranes. gram neg.

69
Q

L) What are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

cannot replicate outside a host cell. and rely on hosts fro copounds they do not synthesize

70
Q

M) What are some characteristics of the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, and Ehrlichia?

A

cause diseases spread by tics and lice.

71
Q

N) What are some characteristics of the genus Coxiella? [Figure 11.27]

A

obligate intracellular parasite that survives well with out a host. they do this by forming spore like things aka small celled variants

72
Q

O) What are some characteristics of the genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila? [Figure 11.28]

A

different from other intracellular parasites cause it is passed from human to human. along with this it at first exists in the host cell as not pathogenic, and replicates. when the population gets larger the cells get smaller and become infectious. Eventually the host cell will lyce with all these

73
Q

P) What are some characteristics of the genus Wolbachia?

A

infects bug. kills filerial worms which spead elephantitis

They kill male embryo’s , cause males to have female traits etc.

74
Q

A) What are extreme halophiles? [Figure 11.29]

A

found in salty environements. min 9% nacl
aerobic and faculitively anaerobic. some use sunlight as e. protons will be puumped out of the cell powering flagella. come in a variety of shapes

75
Q

B) What are extreme thermophiles?

A

found near volcanic vents ect.

76
Q

C) What are methane-generating hyperthermophiles and where are they found?

A

methanogens that like the heat. They odizie hydrogen and with co2 produces methane

77
Q

D) What are sulfur-reducing hypertheromophiles and where are they found? [Figure 11.30]

A

obligate anaerobes that use s as their elec accepter. use e from breaking down org. compounds.

78
Q

E) What are Nanoarchaea?

A

mini hyperthermophiles that reduce s

79
Q

F) What are sulfur oxidizers and where are they found? [Figure 11.31]

A

found in sulfer springs. use 02 as terminal acceptor

80
Q

G) What are thermophilic extreme acidophiles and where are they found?

A

like heat and h of 2

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