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Emotions > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Attentional Bias experiment by Mara Mather?

A 
groups (18-35 yrs) vs Older (62-94)
viewed pairs of faces neutral and happy 
neutral and sad
neutral and angry 
-Faces disappear; then dot appears 
-measure how quickly they look at dot
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2
Q

Attention Bias:Findings for Younger subjects?

A

Reaction times of younger subjects didn’t differ

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3
Q

Attention Bias: Finding for Older Subjects?

A

Responded to dot quicker if under happiness pic
responded to dot quicker if under neutral vs sad
responded to dot quicker if under neutral vs angry
-older people pay attention to positive info> negative info

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4
Q

Does older age cause increased memory for positive emotional information?

A

Yes.

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5
Q

IAPS Pictures

A

Subjects shown positive, negative, neutral pics

-older subjects recall/recognize positive pics> negative, neutral

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6
Q

Emotion Attention and Memory in Older Age

A

Attention to Negative info decreased

  • attention to positive info increases
  • Memory for positive info increases
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7
Q

Emotional well being 70’s 80’s

Scheibe & Carstensen, 2010

A

most people experience high levels of well-being into 70’s and 80’s EXCEPT last years of life!

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8
Q

Why do people not experience high levels of well-being in last months, years of life?

A
  • Increased motivation to regulate emotions

- increased competence to regulate

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9
Q

Define “Positivity Effect”

Carstensen & Mikels, 2005

A

The “positivity effect” refers to an age-related trend that favors positive over negative stimuli in cognitive processing. Relative to their younger counterparts, older people attend to and remember more positive than negative information.

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10
Q

What is Psychopathology?

A
  • scientific study of psychological disorders
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11
Q

What is a Psychological disorder?

A

Psychological dysfunction

  • breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
  • distress or impairment in functioning
  • response that is atypical or not culturally expected
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12
Q

Etiology - what causes psychological disorders?

A

multiple influences- biological, environmental, social, behavioral

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13
Q

What is the Diathesis- Stress Model

A

behavioral predispositional vulnerability when paired with stress

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14
Q

Topics discussed when talking about disorders

A
  • onset
  • symptoms
  • course
  • treatment
  • prevalence and incidence
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15
Q

Why is correct diagnosis important?

A
  • Allows people who are experiencing a psychological disorder to be treated effectively
  • IMPORTANT topic for clinicians. researchers, and people being diagnosed
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16
Q

Diagnostic Approach: Categorical What is it?

A

Presence/absence

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17
Q

Dimensional: What is it?

A

To what extent? or how much?

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18
Q

Categorical Approach: Strength

A

Strength: Ease of diagnosis
Utility/Quality of diagnosis
-presence/absence of condition makes diagnosing easier and helps in treatment decisions

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19
Q

Categorical Approach: Weakness

A

Lack of clear boundaries among disorders

  • high rates of comorbidity
  • issue of different etiology, pathology & treatment
  • lack of clear boundaries- whats normal? whats not?
  • treating variations of condition as equal
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20
Q

Dimensional Approach: Strength

A

More reflective of reality, more valid descriptions
-more than yes- no questions
catered to individuals specific disorder
-captures frequency and severity

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21
Q

Dimensional Approach: Weakness

A

Little ease in diagnosing
less utility of diagnosis
reifying still could be problem

22
Q

DSM-5

A
  • promotes dimensional aspects

- acknowledges weakness with categorical

23
Q

DSM-5 approach: Categorical but…

A

“Although DSM-5 remains a categorical classification of separate disorders, we recognize that mental disorders do not always fit completely within the boundaries of a single disorder…In recognition of this reality, the disorders included in DSM-5 were reordered into a revised organizational structure meant to stimulate new clinical perspectives.”

24
Q

The Secret Life of Pronouns: Jamie Pennebaker

A

Study on how words people use tell us about their emotion

25
Q

The Secret Life of Pronouns: Jamie Pennebaker Findings

A 
We- words for positive experience
I- words when in pain
Past Tense- Words for sadness
Present tense- words for anger
For sadness and anger: more cognitive words that indicate self-reflection
26
Q

What is health? Biomedical model

A

Focus on illness

  • all illness explained by biological factors
  • psychological and social processes irrelevant
27
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

-Health and illness are consequences of interwoven biological, psychological and social influences
emphasis on promoting health

28
Q

Topics: Relationship between emotion and health

A
  • bidirectional
  • role of (negative or Positive) health behaviors
  • •Diet •Exercise •Sleep •Smoking •Meditation- Spotlight on sleep
29
Q

Sleep bi directional

A

focus on how sleep affects emotion

30
Q

Typical Sleep needs: Infants

A

• Infants

–About 16 hours per day of sleep

31
Q

Typical Sleep needs: Babies and toddlers

A

From 6months -3 years between 10 and 14 hours per day

32
Q

Typical Sleep needs: Children

A

– Ages 3-6: between 10 and 12
–Ages 6 to 9: about 10 hours of sleep
–Ages 9 to 12: about 9 hours of sleep

33
Q

Typical Sleep needs: Adults

A

7-8 hours a night

34
Q

Typical Sleep needs: older adults

A

= or more than adults

35
Q

Effects of Sleep deprivation

A
  • Many negative consequences for personal well-being and health, relationships, and work
  • Lower life-satisfaction •Greater irritability •Contributes to “aging” •Weakened immune system •Poor decision-making •Diminished productivity and creativity •Impaired attention •Worse at recalling positive emotional memories
36
Q

Dangers of Sleep Deprivation

A

Driver fatigue causes 20% of auto accidents.
•Also, contributes to piloting errors and airplane crashes
•Many major disasters occur at night, when people in charge are sleep-deprived.
–Exxon Valdez

37
Q

Dangers of Sleep Deprivation continued

A

Chronic SD- alters metabolic and hormonal functioning - mimics aging - obesity high blood pressure & memory impairment

38
Q

Benefits of sleep

A
  • Longevity
  • People who sleep 7 to 8 hours per night tend to outlive those who are chronically sleep deprived
  • Academic Performance
  • Students who earn A’s and B’s in high school tend to sleep 25 minutes more per night than students earning C’s, D’s, and F’s
39
Q

More Benefits of Sleep

A
  • Sleep promotes emotion regulation.
  • Partial sleep restriction (5 hours/night for a week) associated with more emotional complaints and disturbances.
  • Greater emotional reactivity in brain of sleep-deprived people, especially in amygdala (Yoo et al., 2007)
  • Sleep influences emotion recognition.
  • In one study, people who took naps were more sensitive to perceiving happy faces. People who did not nap were more sensitive to perceiving fearful and angry faces.
40
Q

Rem Sleep

A

• Big portion of emotion processing occurs here
• Also important for cognitive functioning, like memory consolidation
• Probably most critical stage for emotional functioning
• REM sleep can take sting out of emotional memories.
(Research by Matt Walker)

41
Q

Effects of REM Sleep Deprivation

A

• Poorer emotion regulation • Poorer concentration • Greater anxiety • Greater irritability

42
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A
  • Exercise (but not late in evening) •Avoid caffeine after late afternoon
  • Relax before bedtime and dim light
  • Regular sleep-wake schedule •Bed just for sleep and sex
  • If can’t sleep after 20 mins, get out of bed
  • Turn on bright lights in morning •Melatonin and light
43
Q

What is happiness ?

A

subjective well being

44
Q

What is Seligman’s tripartite model

A

orientation towards achieving happiness through pleasure, meaning, engagement(flow)

45
Q

Why study happiness?

A

To understand psychological health in addition to psychological dysfunction (Sheldon & King, 2001)
•Independence of positive and negative affect (Diener & Emmons,
1984)
• Universal goal (Ben-Shahar, 2007) • Implications for public policy

46
Q

Interesting topics in the study of happiness

A

affective forcasting

hedonic treadmill

47
Q

Broaden and build

A

Fredrickson- positive emotions, joy love contentment expand inventory and thoughts and action
-develop physical mental and social resources

48
Q

What predicts happiness?

Education?

A

More education related to greater happiness (until a certain point)

49
Q

What predicts happiness? Money

A

•Virtually no relationship after basic needs are met •But, how we spend money matters

50
Q

What predicts happiness? Relationships

A

one of the most robust predictors

51
Q

What boosts happiness?

A

• Gratitude (Lyubomirsky) • Flow (Cziksentmihalyi) • Sleep • Exercise • Mindfulness

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