3.8

Question 1

Who were the residential schools built and run by?

Answer 1

The government and the catholic, anglican, methodist, united and presbyterian churches.

Question 2

Around how many FN children attended residential schools?

Answer 2

150 000

Question 3

When did the majority of residential schools operate?

Answer 3

1857-1996

Question 4

Why did churches run residential schools?

Answer 4

Because the government didn’t want to fund them. Bible and plow.

Question 5

What was the goal of residential schools?

Answer 5

To make Aboriginal children talk, dress, think and act like non-Aboriginal Canadians.

Question 6

When did the Prime Minister of Canada apologize?

Answer 6

June 11, 2008

Question 7

What were some long term issues of residential schools (List 6).

Answer 7

• FN students received a poor education and many did not have the literation or leadership skills needed to succeed in after schooling was complete.
• Over 40% of the teaching staffs had no professional training
• Many children died from diseases
• Schools were designed to break the children from their parents and their cultural way of life.
• Others suffered from psychological, sexual, and physical abuse.
• The continuation of ethnocentrism devalued the perception of themselves and their culture.

Question 8

What is the Aboriginal Healing Fun?

Answer 8

a $350 million dollar government plan to aid communities affected by the residential schools.

Question 9

Why did some FN feel as if the government’s apology did not go far enough?

Answer 9

It addressed only the effects of physical and sexula abuse and not other damages caused by the residential school system.

Question 10

When was the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement reached and what is it?

Answer 10

2006
It is the largest class action settlement in Canadian history

Question 11

What did the gederal government and churches agree to do in September of 2007?

Answer 11

agreed to pay individual and collective compensation to residentials school survivors and the government pledged to create measures and support for healing and the establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Question 12

When did the government ban potlatches?

Answer 12

1884 under the Indian Act with other ceremonies as the sun dance to follow in the coming years.

Question 13

What was the potlatch?

Answer 13

It was one of the most important ceremonies for coastal FN in the west, and marked important occasions as well as served a crucial role in distribution of wealth.

Question 14

How did non-natives and missionaries view the sharing of wealth and food at potlatches? How did Indian Agents and missionaries feel about it?

Answer 14

excessive and wasteful. but untimately they knew how integral it was to sustaining FN cultures.
They felt it interrupted assimilation tactics.

Question 15

What was impossible as long as the potlatch existed?

Answer 15

Aboriginal people shifting from an economic system of redistribution to one of private property ownership–which is what the government wanted.

Question 16

When did the government add Section 141 to the Indian Act?

Answer 16

the 1920s

Question 17

What is Section 141?

Answer 17

It outlawed the hiring of lawyers and legal counsel by Indians, effectively barring Aboriginal peoples from fighting for their rights through the legal system.

Question 18

When did Enfranchisement become legally compulsorary?

Answer 18

The Indian Act of 1876

Question 19

What were some of the things that FN would be enfranchised for getting/joining?

Answer 19

• the army
• university education
• leaving reserves for long periods of time (getting a job)
• marrying non-indian men (Aboriginal women)

Question 20

What was the aim of residential schools?

Answer 20

The aim of residential schools was to separate FN youth from their families and encourage them to adopt a more European lifestyle.

Question 21

What was the role of the church?

Answer 21

The churches were involved because they believed that they needed to play an important part in educating FN people. The churches believed they were acting in the best interests of the FN people. Residential schools were operated by churches and many teachers were priests, nuns, and ministers. They taught Christian faith in schools.

Question 22

Did Inuit and Metis people go to residential schools?

Answer 22

Inuit children went to residential schools but they were far away from their homes. The government initiatives for educating Inuit came late. The government ignored the educational needs of Metis people. Those who lived like Euro-Canadians ere not seen as needing the schools. They were not forced ot attend, but many did as it was their only option for a formal education.

Question 23

Make a list of the intended and unintended consequences of residential schools? Were they caused by Eurocentric ideas?I

Answer 23

Intended: assimilation, loss of traditions, loss of culture, loss of heritage, loss of language, loss of traditional practices, the belief that their culture was inferior received an inferior education.
Unintended: emotional, sexual, physical abuse, and the effects that it would have on FN people and their families for year to some.

Question 24

What was the potlatch and how was it suppressed?

Answer 24

The potlatch was a gift giving ceremony. It enforced traditional spiritual beliefs as Elders used it to teach younger generations about their culture. It was supporessed by a ban in the Indian Act that inhibited it. In the 1920s, the government of Canada and the Government of BC increased the enforcement and began arresting people and sending them to jail for participating in the ceremony. To avoid jail, FN could hand over their ceremonial masks and gifts to authorities.

Question 25

What was the sundance and how was it suppressed?

Answer 25

The sun dance is a common name used to descrive certain spiritual ceremonies practiced by the Plains Cree and nations of the blackfoot. Both versions of the sun dance celevrate community and thanksgiving, while alos reaffirming many traditional spiritual and cultural values. The Canadian government never prohibited the entire sun dance, the Indian Act was amended to make it illegal to perform some aspects of the ceremony.

Question 26

What did the FN hope for the residential schools? How did this differ from European view of FN education?

Answer 26

That education for FN youth would support the survival of their culture, while enabling their children to read, write, and interact with Euro-Canadian settlements. This differed from European view of FN education because the sustem of education the EUropeans provided becuase its main goal was assimilation, nut cultural

Question 27

How did the residential schools change FN culture?

Answer 27

Because the younger generations, the ones who were supposed to continue on in their culture, lost many of their traditional practices and language. They did not learn the same lessons from Elders, and they were made to believe that they were inferior. FN culture stayed the same because even though their children were gone, they still continued their traditional practices in secret and let their live on.

Question 28

What was the Inuit relocotation program/ Have opinions and attitudes changed?

Answer 28

Pressured iNuit familes to relovate from the Ungava region in northern Quevec to the High Arctic. At the time the gov’t stated that the Ungava region was becoming too population to be sustained by hunting caribou and moose. The gov’t reported thatt there were areas in thea rctic that would be pentiful and that they could continue their traditions. They also said that if they did not like their new environment they oculd return home iwthin two years. The other resaon they wanted ot move the Inuit was the assert Canadian sovereignty because after the Second world war the arctiv had become vital for strategic defence purposes and the Canadian people wanted Inuit people to live on Ellesmere and Cornwallis Islands as proof that it belogned to Canada. Opinions have not chagned becuase the Royal Commission of Aboriginal Peoples called on the gov’t to officially apologize to the Inuit who were involved in the relocation program and the gov’t refused to apologize as they said the officials of the time were acting with honourable intentions in what was perceived to be the best interest of the Inuit at that time.

Question 29

What caused the government of Canada to begin making policies about Inuit people in the 1940s? What were the results of these policies?

Answer 29

When Canada and the US built various airbases in Canada’s northern lands during WWII. Inuit peoples received increased attention because many were in poor health from diseases suhc as tuberculosis. The results of these policies was increased diseases as they had more contact with Europeans, and them being relocated from their ancestral lands.

Question 30

Take a hisotrical perspective to consider why the federal government left Metis and Inuit peoples out of the Indian Act in 1867?

Answer 30

Because they had no real claim to the lands that they occupied. The government had a long history of dealing with the FN, and they didn’t consider the Metis to fall under that category Canadians government relations with FN were based on negotiations and treaties, and their relations with Metis were based on Unilateral government policies. When they made the indian Act, the government had no use for the land up north and the Inuit were largely ignored until the land they occupied became useful to the government. No one was settling on their land so there was no use to include them.