Comp Med No. 5 2011

Question 1

True/False: Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Arteriviridae?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the most common source of LDV infection of mice?

Answer 2

Contaminated transplantable tumors and experimental biological material

Question 3

What is the classical method of detecting LDV contamination in biological materials?

Answer 3

Measuring serum LDH levels of mice inoculated with test biological materials.

Question 4

LDV has a tropism for what type of cells?

Answer 4

mouse macrophages that express F4/80 cell surface antigen

Question 5

True/False: LDV infection of mice results in transient viremia and clearance of the infection.

Answer 5

False: LDV results in lifelong viremia

Question 6

What are some of the observed immune system effects of LDV infection of mice?

Answer 6

Elevation of plasma IgG, autoantibody production, immune complex formation, enhanced or suppressed tumor development.

Question 7

What strains of mice, when immunocompromised, are prone to developing poliomyelitis when infected with LDV?

Answer 7

AKR & C58 - strains that are homozygous for the Fv1n allele (also C3H/Fg and PL/J mice)

Question 8

What components are necessary for the development of LDV-induced poliomyelitis?

Answer 8

1) The presence of multiple proviral copies of the N-tropic endogenous murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) 2) homozygosity of the permissive allele for MuLV replication (Fv1n/n)

Question 9

What molecules are detected in Northern Blot, Southern Blot, and Western Blot?

Answer 9

Northern = RNA detection Southern = DNA detection Western (& Eastern) = protein detection

Question 10

N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in drinking water induces what in rats, hamsters & dogs?

Answer 10

Gastric cancer

Question 11

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is known as a marker for what?

Answer 11

Marker of cellular proliferation and serves as a prognostic marker for gastric carcinoma malignancy

Question 12

MNNG induced gastric carcinoma occurs more frequently in male or female Wistar rats?

Answer 12

Male

Question 13

With regard to animal models of hemorrhagic shock, what is the difference between fixed-pressure and fixed-volume models?

Answer 13

In fixed-pressure models, hemorrhagic shock is achieved by withdrawing blood until the desired MAP is reached and during the shock period, the blood pressure is held at this value by further blood withdrawal or reinfusion of collected blood or other fluids. In fixed-volume models, a fixed blood volume is removed which is calculated based on the animal body weight.

Question 14

What factors may affect the accuracy of calculating blood volume based on body weight?

Answer 14

The circulating blood volume of mammals does not strictly correlate with body weight due to individual differences in the relation of blood volume to mass of fat and muscle tissue and does not linearly increase with body weight gain….heavier animals usually have more fat and therefore comparatively less blood.

Question 15

Which of the following are limitations of current models of osteochondral allograft transplantation: a. Large surface area b. Thick articular cartilage layer c. Cost associated with use of large animal models. d. The use of suture for graft fixation

Answer 15

c. Cost associated with use of large animal models.

Question 16

T/F: Superficial zone protein (SZP) up-regulation is associated with increased incidence of osteoarthritis.

Answer 16

False: OA is associated with a down regulation of SZP; SZP is also known as lubricin, MSF precursor, proteoglycan 4 (PRG4)

Question 17

With respect to treatment of articular cartilage injuries, what technique is used to restore mature hyaline cartilage and mimics joint biology?

Answer 17

Osteochondral allografting

Question 18

What is Krogh’s principle?

Answer 18

Krogh’s principle states that “for such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied.”

Question 19

Which of the following is a familial ocular disease of Dutch Belted Rabbits? a. Bupthalmos b. Colaboma c. Corneal dystrophy d. Retinal detachment e. Retinal dystrophy

Answer 19

c. Corneal dystrophy

Question 20

Lens induced uveitis is often caused by which of the following pathogens? a. Cheyletiella b. Cuterebra c Francisella tularensis d. Encephalitozoa cuniculi e. Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 20

d. Encephalitozoa cuniculi

Question 21

Based on their smaller size, which of the following rabbit breeds would be a good choice for ocular toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies when test article is limited? A. New Zealand White B. Dutch-belted C. New Zealand Red

Answer 21

B. Dutch-belted

Question 22

Which of the following factors account for the relatively high frequency of corneal lesions in rabbits? A. Environmental conditions (nesting material, fighting) B. Diet C. Lid abnormalities D. Genetics E. All of the above

Answer 22

E. All of the above

Question 23

The MacDonald-Shadduck scoring system can be used to evaluate what organ/anatomical structure?

Answer 23

The eye

Question 24

What condition in NZW rabbits is characterized by buphthalmia, opaque corneas, and loss of vision?

Answer 24

Glaucoma due to goniodysgenesis of the trabecular meshwork and pectinate ligaments

Question 25

Mucopolysaccaridosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of which enzyme? a. Beta glucuronidase b. Alpha-L-iduronidase c. Glutathione reductase d. Gamma synthetase

Answer 25

b. Alpha-L-iduronidase

Question 26

In Mps I, GAG accumulates in which of the following tissues? a. Brain, kidneys, intestines and liver. b. Liver, spleen, bone and skeletal muscle. c. Heart, brain, kidney and lung. d. Heart, skeletal muscle, brain and liver.

Answer 26

d. Heart, skeletal muscle, brain and liver.

Question 27

Renal failure in cats may result in the following clinical pathology findings:

a. Elevated BUN, glucose and total bilirubin.
b. Decreased urine specific gravity, elevated BUN and phosphate.
c. Elevated creatinine and PCV and decreased BUN.
d. Elevated BUN, creatinine and urine specific gravity.

Answer 27

b. Decreased urine specific gravity, elevated BUN and phosphate.

Question 28

Pigs are useful animal models for myocardial infarction studies. Name two arteries that can be occluded to induce MI.

Answer 28

1. Left Circumflex Artery
2. Left Anterior Decscending Artery

Question 29

In swine, blood supply from the coronary artery is right or left sided?

Answer 29

Right sided (like humans)

Question 30

True or False: In swine, the coronary blood supply has preexisting collateral circulation.

Answer 30

False: like humans

Question 31

Why use a swine rather than another species as a model for MI studies?

Answer 31

Pigs have cardio-physiological & anatomic similarities to humans, as the heart size and its weight relative to body weight, cardiac and vascular anatomy, ventricular performance and electrophysiology. In addition pigs have negligible collateral circulation, with each coronary artery supplying a specific cardiac region.

Question 32

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1. <!--[endif]-->Horner’s syndrome in humans:

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a. <!--[endif]-->Is often iatrogenic, occurring subsequent to cervical surgery

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b. <!--[endif]-->Results from congenital or iatrogenic paresis of the cervical vagus nerve

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c. <!--[endif]-->Results from congenital or iatrogenic paresis of the nodose ganglion

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d. <!--[endif]-->Is most often attributed to congenital cervical sympathetic chain paresis

Answer 32

a. Is often iatrogenic, occurring subsequent to cervical surgery

Question 33

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1. <!--[endif]-->Anatomy of the ventral cervical region differs within and among species in various ways. Which of the following is false:

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a. <!--[endif]-->In dogs and pigs the cervical sympathetic chain is most often located in the carotid sheath

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b. <!--[endif]-->In humans, the cervical sympathetic chain is most often imbedded in the prevertebral fascia posterior to the carotid sheath

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c. <!--[endif]-->The location of the cervical sympathetic chain in pigs is similar to that in humans with respect to the carotid sheath

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d. <!--[endif]-->Anatomic variation within a species can limit accuracy of diagnosing schwannomas based on imaging

Answer 33

c. The location of the cervical sympathetic chain in pigs is similar to that in humans with respect to the carotid sheath

Question 34

What is represented by the following equation: insulin (IU/mL) x glucose (mmol/L) / 22.5?

a. Likelihood that a chimpanzee has a pancreatic insulinoma
b. Likelihood that a chimpanzee has a pancreatic glucagonoma
c. Insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)
d. Insulin secretion after a high-glucose feeding
e. None of the above

Answer 34

c. Insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)

Question 35

According to a recent study regarding morphometric variables related to the metabolic profile of captive chimpanzees, which of the following correlations is/are true?

a. Male chimpanzees had significantly higher serum creatinine levels and body weights than did females.
b. Serum triglyceride level was positively correlated with waist circumference in both sexes.
c. Waist circumference was positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, HOMA-IR, and albumin in females.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Answer 35

d. All of the above

Question 36

Captive chimpanzees, in general, weigh more than their free-range counterparts.

a. True
b. False

Answer 36

a. True

Question 37

Male chimpanzees, in general, weigh less than age-matched female counterparts.

a. True
b. False

Answer 37

b. False

Question 38

In what two ways is ectopic ovarian tissue generally classified?

Question 39

List three reproductive abnormalities that female macaques share with women.

Question 40

T/F: In the human literature the etiologic of supernumerary ovaries is thought to be embryological in origin

Answer 40

False

Developmental disorders are more likely to be associated with an accessory ovary

Supernumerary ovaries are more associated with transplantation of tissue during any surgery or severe inflammatory process of the ovaries.