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Endocrine > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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2
Q

the spinal cord is an inferior continuation of what part of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

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3
Q

what is the diencephalon made of?

A

thalamus + hypothalamus

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4
Q

what i the diencephalon?

A

the central core of the cerebrum

has connections to left and right cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

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5
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

the infundibulum

/pituitary stalk

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6
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

posterior lobe

anterior lobe

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7
Q

what fossa does the pituitary gland sit in?

A

the pituitary fossa

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8
Q

what bone is the pituitary fossa in?

A

the sphenoid bone

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9
Q

what region of the sphenoid bone does the pituitary fossa lie within?

A

the sella turcica

turkish saddle

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10
Q

what bounds the anterior cranial fossa anteriorly?

A

frontal bone

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11
Q

what bounds the anteiror cranial fossa posteriorly?

A

the lesser wing of the sphenoid

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12
Q

what bounds the middle cranial fossa anteriorly?

A

the lesser wing of the sphenoid

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13
Q

what bounds the middle cranial fossa posteriorly?

A

the petrous part of the temple bones

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14
Q

what bounds the posterior cranial fossa anteriorly?

A

the petrous part of the temple bones

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15
Q

what part of the visual pathway lies just superior to the pituitary gland?

A

optic chiasm

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16
Q

light rays from the temporal side of the visual field will be perceived by what retina?

A

nasal retina

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17
Q

light rays from the nasal side of the visual field will be perceived by what retina?

A

temporal retina

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18
Q

what nerves is the optic chiasm formed by?

A

left and right optic nerves

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19
Q

what happens at the optic chiasm?

A

APs from the temporal retina will remain on the same side and continue through on the same optic tract

APs from the nasal retina will cross to the other side of the optic tract at the chiasm

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20
Q

after passing through the optic chiasm, where do the APs from the retina synapse?

A

pass posteriorly from the chiasm and synapse at the thalamus

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21
Q

after synapsing in the thalamus, where do the APs from the retina synapse?

A

pass posteriorly from the thalamus and synapse in the visual cortex

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22
Q

what bone is the visual cortex within?

A

occipital bone

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23
Q

what do the axons in the chain from the thalamus to the visual cortex pass via?

A

the optic radiation

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24
Q

what does early compression of a pituitary tumour cause to the visual pathway?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

blindness in temporal field will occur

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25
Q

why does bitemporal hemianopia occur by an early pituitary tumour?

A

tumour causes midline compression of the optic chiasm. this disrupts the APs coming from the nasal retina bilaterally as they try to cross at the chiasm.
therefore temporal side of visual field is lost bilaterally

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26
Q

what are the 2 main ways of surgical access to the pituitary fossa?

A

transcranial approach (subfrontal- under the frontal lobe)

transsphenoid approach (via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus)

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27
Q

what 2 bones make up the midline nasal septum?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (superiorly)

vomer (inferiorly)

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28
Q

what is the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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29
Q

what bone is the hard palate mostly made of?

A

maxlla

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30
Q

where does the paranasal air sinus sit in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

paranasal air sinus sits anteriorly to the pituitary gland

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31
Q

what bones are the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae components of?

A

superior and middle conchae are components of the ethmoid bone
inferior conchae is a bone in it’s own right

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32
Q

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A 
frontal sinuses (frontal bone)
maxillary sinuses (maxillae)
ethmoidal air cells (ethmoid bone)
sphenoid sinuses (sphenoid bone)
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33
Q

what cells line the paranasal sinuses?

A

mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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34
Q

what are the largest paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary sinuses

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35
Q

where are the ethmoid air cells located?

A

3 groups- inferior, middle, superior- located between the nasal cavity and the orbit

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36
Q

where is the fracture in a Le Fort 1 fracture?

A

fracture passes horizontally across the maxilla

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37
Q

what does a Le Fort 1 fracture separate?

A

the hard palate from the maxilla

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38
Q

where is the fracture in a Le Fort 2 fracture?

A

fracture between maxillae and zygomatic bones
and
fracture between maxilae and nasal bones

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39
Q

what does a Le Fort 2 fracture separate?

A

the maxilla from the rest of the skull

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40
Q

what does a Le Fort 3 fracture separate?

A

neurocranium from viscerocranium

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41
Q

where does the olfactory (CN I) nerve leave the skull?

A

cribiform plate

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42
Q

where does the optic (CN II) nerve leave the skull?

A

optic foramen

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43
Q

where does the oculomotor (CN III) nerve leave the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

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44
Q

where does the trochlear (CN IV) nerve leave the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

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45
Q

where does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal (CN V1) nerve leave the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

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46
Q

where does the maxillary division of the trigeminal (CN V2) nerve leave the skull?

A

foramen rotundum

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47
Q

where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V3) nerve leave the skull?

A

foramen ovale

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48
Q

where does the abducens (CN VI) nerve leave the skull?

A

superior orbital fissure

49
Q

where does the facial (CN VII) nerve leave the skull?

A

internal auditory canal

50
Q

where does the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) leave the skull?

A

internal auditory canal

51
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) leave the skull?

A

jugular foramen

52
Q

where does the vagus (CN X) nerve leave the skull?

A

jugular foramen

53
Q

where does the spinal accessory (CN XI) nerve leave the skull?

A

jugular foramen

54
Q

where does the hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve leave the skull?

A

hypoglossal canal

55
Q

what is the entire cranial cavity lined internally with?

A

dura mater

56
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

a tough sheet of dura mater which ‘tents’ over the cerebellum

57
Q

which cranial fossa is the tentorium cerebelli in?

A

posterior cranial fossa

58
Q

why is there a central gap within the tentorium cerebelli?

A

to permit the brainstem to pass through

59
Q

what is the diaphragm sellae?

A

a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

60
Q

what is formed in the areas where the 2 sheets of dura mater have a gap between them instead of being so tightly adhered?

A

dural venous sinuses

61
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood from?

A

most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity (including brain)

62
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood to?

A

internal jugular veins

63
Q

where do dural venous sinuses drain venous blood to the internal jugular veins?

A

at the jugular forminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

64
Q

what is the name for the dural venous sinuses that surround the pituitary gland?

A

cavernous sinuses and intercavernous sinuses

65
Q

what connects the left and right cavernous sinuses?

A

the intercavernous sinuses

66
Q

what are the 5 cranial nerves at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • trochlear nerve
  • trigeminal nerve a + b
  • abducens nerve
67
Q

what arteries are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

A

internal carotid arteries

68
Q

what dural venous sinuses are at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

A

cavernous sinuses

69
Q

what happens when there is injury to the trigeminal (CN V) nerve?

A

sensory symptoms on the face

difficulty chewing

70
Q

what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the abducent (CN VI) nerve?

A

problems with specific eye movements

71
Q

what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the cavernous sinus?

A

venous haemorrhage

72
Q

what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the internal carotid artery?

A

catostrophic haemorrhage

73
Q

what happens when there is iatrogenic injury to the dura mater?

A

cerebrospinal fluid leak

74
Q

what does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

a right and left lobe

an isthmus joining to the 2 lobes

75
Q

what are the lobes of the thyroid gland attached to?

A

the lateral aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage and

the trachea

76
Q

the isthmus of the thyroid gland lies anteriorly to which cartilages of the trachea?

A

2nd/3rd cartilages of the trachea

77
Q

what surface of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes are the parathyroid glands located?

A

on the posteiror surface of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes

78
Q

what 2 pyramidal shaped bits of cartilage attach to the superior surface of the posterior cricoid cartilage?

A

arytenoid cartilage

79
Q

what extra lobe of thyroid gland can sometimes be present?

A

pyramidal lobe

80
Q

most frequently, which lobe is the pyraimdal lobe of the thyroid gland a superior extension of?

A

the left lobe

81
Q

where do most pyramidal lobes of the thyroid gland attach superiorly?

A

to the thyroid cartilage

82
Q

where is the foramen caecum of the tongue?

A

at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds and the posteiror 1/3rd of the tongue

83
Q

where does the thyroid begin its embryological development?

A

at the junction between the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

84
Q

in embryology, the thyroid gland migrates inferiorly from the tongue to the adult anatomical position following what duct?

A

thyroglossal duct

85
Q

in what week of development does the thyroid gland reach it’s final position?

A

7th week

86
Q

what muscles are present in the superficial fascia of the neck?

A

the right and left platysma

87
Q

what is the function of the platysma muscles?

A

muscles of facial expression

brings corners of mouth down into a sad face

88
Q

what is the nerve supply of the platysma muscle?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

89
Q

what are the 4 deep fascia compartents of the neck?

A

investing deep fascia
prevertebral deep fascia
carotid sheaths (2)
pretracheal deep fascia

90
Q

what is the most superficial of the deep fascia layers of the neck?

A

investing deep fascia

91
Q

what muscles are enclosed in the investing deep fascia of the neck??

A

trapezius (descending)

sternocleidomastoid

92
Q

what muscles are enclosed in the prevertebral deep fascia of the neck?

A

posural neck muscles

93
Q

what do the carotid sheaths enclose?

A

internal jugular vein
carotid artery
vagus nerves
deep cervical lymph nodes

94
Q

what does th epretracheal deep fascia of the neck enclose?

A 
strap muscles
thyroid gland
trachea
oesophagus
recurrent laryngeal nerves
95
Q

where does the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

to the manubrium of the sternum

96
Q

where does the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

to the medial end of the clavicle

97
Q

what is the common attachment of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

the mastoid process of the temporal bone

98
Q

what does the anterior jugular vein drain into?

A

external jugular vein

99
Q

what does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

subclavian vein

100
Q

what muscle belly does the external jugular vein cross?

A

sternocleidomastoid

101
Q

what blood vessel do the superior thyroid arteries come from?

A

external carotid arteries

102
Q

what blood vessel do the inferior thyroid arteries come from?

A

subclavian arteries

103
Q

what do the superior thyroid veins drain into?

A

internal jugular veins

104
Q

what do the middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

internal jugular veins

105
Q

what do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

both into left brachiocephalic vein

106
Q

what structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (from the vagus nerve) hook up round?

A

the right subclavian vein

107
Q

what structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (From the vagus nerve) hook up round?

A

arch of the aorta

108
Q

do the right and left vagus nerves pass anteriorly or posteriorly to to the lung root?

A

posteriorly

109
Q

what structure do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm with?

A

the oesophagus

110
Q

what are the 4 strap muscles? indicate which 2 are more superficial and which 2 are more deep?

A

sternohyoid + omohyoid
(superficial)
thyrohyoid + sternothyroid

111
Q

what are the 2 bellies of the omohyoid?

A

superior belly and inferior belly

112
Q

what are the attachments of the omohyoid?

A

scapula and hyoid bone

113
Q

what are the attachments of the sternohyoid?

A

sternum and hyoid bone

114
Q

what are the attachments of the thyrohyoid?

A

thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

115
Q

what are the attachments of the sternothyroid?

A

sternum and thyroid cartilage

116
Q

what deep fascia column do the strap muscles sit within?

A

pretracheal deep fascia

117
Q

what traingles does the sternocleidomastoid split the neck into?

A

posterior triangle and anterior triangle

118
Q

compare unilateral and bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in terms of symptoms?

A

unilateral- hoarsenss

bilateral- aphonia

119
Q

why can bilateral recurrent laryngeal cause aspiration and inability to produce a good cough?

A

inability to close rima glottidis

Endocrine (5 decks)

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