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Multisystem Part 2 > viral zoonoses I and II > Flashcards

viral zoonoses I and II Flashcards

1
Q

molluscum contagiosum

A

a poxvirus

wart-like lesions on face, butt, and back in kids

spread via towels/lockerrooms, contact, and sexually

self limiting after 4-6 months with secondary attacks

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2
Q
A

molluscum contagiosum

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3
Q
A

orf lesion

vessicular lesion caused by poxvirus of (ruminants) sheeps or goats, copox, or vaccinia

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4
Q

vaccinia virus vaccination for _____ also immunizes against what rare poxvirus?

A

smallpox and monkey pox

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5
Q

what animals can carry monkeypox?

A

african rodents (giant rat, prairie dogs)

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6
Q

brickshaped (dogbone) organisms in cytoplasm

A

poxvirus

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7
Q

rabies

A

rhabdovirus, envelped, negative sense ssRNA

ONLY virus shaped like a bullet

reservoirs = racoons, skunks, coyotes, and bats

causes acute encephalitis - fatal if untreated

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8
Q
A

rabies

the only bullet-shaped virus

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9
Q
A

negri bodies

eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

sign of RABIES!

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10
Q

For persons who have never been vaccinated against rabies, post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination should always include administration of both ____ and ____

A

passive antibody (HRIG/human rabies immunoglobin) and vaccine

100% effective

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11
Q

SARS coronavirus

A

SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome

respiratory coronavirus

reservoir is bats

begins like a cold –> severe atypical pneumonia

xray resembles pneumonia or ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)

***risks: travel to SE asia, lab/healthcare worker

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12
Q

MERS-CoV

A

middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus

carried in camels

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13
Q

hendra and nipah viruses

A

paramyxoviruses

bats(carrier) to farm/domestic animals –> humans

BSL-4 restricted (same biosafety level as ebola)

symptoms –> causes widespread multisystem vasculitis (thrombosis, ischemia, and necrosis), pneumonitis and/or encephalitis

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14
Q

2 filoviruses?

2 arenaviruses?

3 bunyaviruses?

A

Filoviruses = ebola and marbug

arenaviruses = lassa fever, S. american hemorrhagic fevers

bunyaviruses = CCHF (congo-crimean hemorrhagic fever), rift valley fever (RVF), and hantaviruses (HRFS and HPS)

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15
Q

arboviruses and rodent borne viruses are all _________ and _____

one exception?

A

RNA viruses and enveloped

reovirus (colorado tick fever) is non enveloped

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16
Q

Lassa fever

A

west africa; reservoir is multimammate rate (mastomys)

transmitted via animal urine and feces

symptoms = fever and malaise at day 10, + myalgia and prostration(exhaustion/lying), N/V/D/C/abdpain, cough, retrosternal pain

can cause deafness

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17
Q

arenaviruses

virion appearance?

genome?

A

virions are enveloped with grain appearance d/t ribosomes from host cells

ambisense dsRNA (+ and - strands together; L and S)

—LCMV (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), lassa fever, and S american HFs

18
Q

LCMV

A

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

A biphasic febrile illness: Initial phase (a week) has fever, malaise, anorexia, aches, headache. A few days of remission, then….

Second phase: meningitis (fever, headache, and a stiff neck) or encephalitis (drowsiness, confusion, sensory disturbances, motor abnormalities, paralysis).

spread by the common house mouse, Mus musculus and hamsters.

19
Q

virus spread by mice/hamsters

A

LCMV

20
Q

hantavirus

A

rodent borne bunyavirus

enveloped ssRNA virus

genome has 3 negative sense RNA segments (L, M, and S)

transmission: inhalation of rodent excrement

HFRS = hemorrhagic fever with renal symptoms

symptoms = fever, headache, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure

21
Q
A

hanta virus

enveloped ssRNA virus

22
Q

hantavirus 2 diseases and their symtoms

A

HFRS = hemorrhagic fever with renal symptoms

symptoms = fever, HA, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure; capillary vasodilation, congestion with hemorrage

HPS (hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) = sin nombre virus in four corners area of US

–damage to capillaries in the lungs rather than kidneys

23
Q

vector for arboviruses?

A

insects

24
Q

arboviruses: compare genome and structure
1) bunyaviruses
2) reoviruses
3) rhabdoviruses

A

1) ssRNA 3 segments, enveloped, round
2) dsRNA 12 segments, NOT enveloped, round
3) bullet shaped ssRNA, enveloped

25
Q

colorado tick fever virus

A

a reovirus, no envelope, dsRNA, 12 segments

vector = wood tick (spring to fall) in west/northwest

pathogenesis = infects erythroid precursors; hemorrhagic disease when it infects the vascular endothelium

diagnose by IF for viral antigen on blood smear

symptoms = resembles dengue; incubation 3-6 days and then fevers, chills, headache, myalgia, athralgia, photophobia, and lethargy

26
Q

aedes mosquito transmits what two bunyaviruses

A

california encephalitis and La Crosse virus

27
Q

La Crosse virus

A

a bunyavirus transmitted by aedes mosquito

causes pediatric arbovirus encephalitis in midwest states

28
Q

presentation of WEE/EEE/VEE

A

flu like

can progress to encephalitis 3-10 days after infection

usually resolves fine but can possibly lead to paralysis, mental issues, and death

29
Q

EEE WEE VEE

A

eastern, western and venezuelan equine encephalitis

arboviruses (transmitted by insects or ticks) – bird to mosquito to human

only VEE can pass from horse to human

they infect NERVOUS TISSUE

30
Q

VEE

A

transmission: appears to be rodents and mosquitoes, not birds

Acute fever 2 – 6 days post-infection with pronounced systemic symptoms, neurologic involvement less common and less severe than with EEE/WEE, but again, more common in children

31
Q

WEE

A

mosquito-bird cycle

Neurologic involvement more common in kids

60% of survivors with neurologic impairment.

32
Q

EEE

A

mosquito-bird cycle

Neurologic involvement is lestimated at: ~1 in 23.

death may occur in 3-5 days of onset of severe disease.

Case/fatality rate ~50% among all age groups.

33
Q

three togaviruses (alpha viruses) transmitted by insects

A

EEE, WEE, VEE

34
Q

dengue

A

Symptoms: high fever, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, bone/joint pains, headache, and a maculopapular rash.

Severe cases may present with hemorraghic fever and shock with a mortality of 5-10% (Dengue HF or Dengue shock syndrome) –> usually in those previously infected with a different serotype = immunopathogenic mechanism

No specific antiviral therapy is available. Supportive care.

Prevention in endemic areas depends on mosquito eradication

35
Q

dengue

transmission?

what is facilitating global spread?

A

aedes mosquito

air travel

4 serotypes –> why vaccines are hard to create!

**the biggest arbovirus problem in the world today (SE asia, africa, A america, and carribean)

36
Q

yellow fever

A

west africa and s america

2 major forms: urban and jungle

Jungle YF is the natural reservoir of the disease in a cycle of primates and forest mosquitoes. Humans incidentally infected upon venturing into jungle.

Urban YF is transmitted between humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.

symptoms = chills, fever, and headache, generalized myalgias and GI complaints (N+V). GI haemorrhage leads to “black vomit” and liver involvement causes jaundice.

There is no specific antiviral treatment

An effective live attenuated vaccine (17D) is available and is used for persons living in or travelling to endemic areas.

37
Q

japanese encephalitis

A

SE asia

transmission involves culex mosquitoes, birds and pigs.

Most subclinical: 1 in 300 develops a life-threatening encephalitis

No specific therapy is available.

Since Culex has a flight range of 20km, local control measures fail.

An effective vaccine (killed virus) is available.

38
Q

west nile virus

A

flavivirus, +sense ssRNA

transmission = culex mosquito; reservoir is birds

causes ecephalitis, fever

39
Q

poxviruses

exceptional features?

vaccines?

human diseases?

A

biggest virus

only DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm

there IS a smallpox vaccine

40
Q

hydrophobia/inability to drink water is a sign of

A

rabies!

copious salivation too/drools to avoid swallowing

Multisystem Part 2 (20 decks)

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