FSE Exam Cheat Sheet Q's Flashcards
*WHAT IS THE GENERAL FLUID RATE FOR A SHOCK PATIENT?
80 - 90ML/KG/HOUR
may need two catheters to administer
What is the shock rate for a dog?
90ml/kg/hr
A dog that weighs 20kg (20kgx90ml/kg/hr) would be given 1800ml in the first hour.
What is the shock rate for a cat?
60ml/kg/hr
thus the average 4kg cat would need to receive 240ml in the first hour (4kg x 60ml/kg/hr = 240ml/hr).
A typical maintenance fluid rate is?
60ml/kg/day or 2.5ml/kg/hr
maintenance fluid rate for a horse?
50ml/kg/day plus the ongoing losses.
Why is blood typing/matching vital in cats?
Cats have blood types of A, B and rarely AB.
If type A is given to a type B, the cat can suffer a fatal transfusion reaction.
If type B is given to a type A cat there will be a lesser reaction but the blood transfusion will be ineffective as the cells will be destroyed.
Without cross matching there is a 23% chance of a fatal transfusion reaction.
What are signs to observe when looking for pain?
animal's orientation in the cage posture level of movement exercise tolerance and activity level facial expression attitude vocalising difficulty standing, walking, taking stairs, jumping, or getting up. changes in urination and defecation habits decreased grooming (especially in cats).
Common signs of pain in dogs?
Decreased social interaction Anxious expression Submissive behavior Refusal to move Whimpering Howling Growling Guarding behavior Aggression; biting Decreased appetite Self-mutilation (chewing) Changes in posture
Common signs of pain in cats?
Reduced activity Loss of appetite Quiet/loss of curiosity Changes in urinary/defecation habits Hiding Hissing or spitting Lack of agility/jumping Excessive licking/grooming Stiff posture/gait Guarding behavior Stops grooming/matted fur Tail flicking Weight loss
What are opiods?
act centrally to reduce the perception of pain
What are NSAIDS?
act locally at the site of pain to reduce inflammation.
Describe opiod agonists
those that bind and stimulate opioid receptors in the CNS
VERY powerful and are most commonly used for ACUTE pain for a short period of time
eg morphine, methadone, pethadibe, fentanyl
associated with side effects
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- sedation
- resp. depression
- urinary retention
- vomiting
- defecation
- constipation
Describe opiod partial agonists
bind and stimulate some receptors, but bind, block and inhibit other receptors
side effects are reduced, although the level of pain relief is only moderate
work well for visceral pain
eg butorphanol (Torbugesic, Dolorex)
Describe opiod antagonists
bind, block and inhibit opioid receptors
used for treating agonist opioid overdoses.
eg Naloxone.
How do NSAIDS work?
act specifically at the site of pain or inflammation at the site of injury or disease NOT AT THE CNS
by interfering with prostaglandin production, which are chemicals made in response to inflammation.
BOTH pathways produce prostaglandins that promote inflammation, pain and fever, but ONLY COX-1, produces prostaglandins which protect the stomach lining and support platelet activity
Some NSAID’S inhibit BOTH COX 1 & COX 2, by blocking the COX 1 pathway we have the potential to damage stomach lining
A bit about Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (Corticosteroids)?
reduce inflammation by suppressing prostaglandin production, thereby providing analgesia
suppress the immune system and they also delay healing
should never be administered concurrently with NSAIDs
Signs of transfusion reaction?
Fever Changes in heart rate and respiratory rate Facial swelling Tremors, agitation, urination Vomiting Maybe diarrhoea Weakness Collapse Seizures
