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A&P > Questions from Hell Test 2 > Flashcards

Questions from Hell Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Are ion channels active/passive?

A

Passive

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2
Q

If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane:

- which way does Na+ flow? (in or out of cell

A

IN

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3
Q

If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane: - does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative?

A

MORE POSITIVE

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4
Q

If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:

- which way does K+ flow? (in or out of cell)

A

out bitch

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5
Q

If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:

- does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative

A

More nega-i-tive

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6
Q

_______ binds Ca2+ in a muscle fiber.

A

Troponin

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7
Q

_______ covers the myosin-binding sites of actin when muscle fiber is “at rest”.

A

Tropomyosin

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8
Q

The voltage-gated Ca2+ channel is located where (to cause neurotransmitter release): ____________

A

Axon Terminal of NMJ

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9
Q

The ____-gated ___ channel is activated at “threshold”.

A

Voltage Gaited Na Channel

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10
Q

The ACh receptor functions as a ____-gated ___ channel.

A

ligand(chemically) gaited Ion Channel

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11
Q

Where is the ACh receptor is located? (Be as specific as possible in your description so that it is not ambiguous.)

A

Sarcolemma

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12
Q

T/F: Muscle fibers conduct Action Potentials, like neurons.

A

True

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13
Q

What does sarcomere mean?

A

cytoplasam of muscle fiber

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14
Q

fundamental unit of muscle is…..?

A

sarcomere

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15
Q

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Has sarcomeres

A

skeletal, cardiac

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16
Q

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions

A

cardiac,smooth

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17
Q

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Site of Ca2+ regulation is calmodulin

A

smooth

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18
Q

Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.

Site of Ca2+ regulation is troponin

A

skeletal, cardiac

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19
Q

When muscles burn ATP to do work, which molecule acts as the ATPase?

A

myosin

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20
Q

ATP hydrolysis is needed for which step of the cross-bridge cycle?

A

cocking of myosin head

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21
Q 
Order these items from smallest to largest: troponin
Muscle fiber
myosin
Myofibril
sarcomere
A 
troponin
myosin
sarcomere
myofibril
muscle Fiber
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22
Q 
Which is NOT a component of osteoid?
Glycoproteins
Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)
Ca2+-binding proteins
Collagen fibers
A

Inorganic Phospate

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23
Q 
Which cell secretes osteoid?
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Osteoblast
Osteogenic cell
Both A & B
A

Osteoblast

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24
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted in response to hypocalcemia.
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Testosterone
Osteocalcin
A

Parathyroid

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25
Q 
Wolff’s Law applies to:
Changes in height of individuals
Appositional growth
Interstitial growth
The epiphyseal plate
A

appositional growth

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26
Q 
Which protein covers the myosin-binding sites of actin in the absence of intracellular Ca2+?
Myosin
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Tropism
A

Tropomyosin

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27
Q

In it’s resting state, a neuron has more Na+ _______________.
Intracellularly
Extracellularly

A

Extracellularly

28
Q

In it’s resting state, a muscle fiber has more Na+ _________________.
A. Intracellularly
Extracellularly

A

Extracellularly

29
Q

Which type of smooth muscle allows for graded contractions?
Unitary
Multi-unit

A

multi unit

30
Q

During which phase of the muscle twitch does excitation-contraction coupling occur?
Latency Phase
Contraction Phase
Relaxation Phase

A

Latency

31
Q 
Which of the following ions are conducted through voltage-gated channels during any phase of the action potential?
Ca2+
Na+
K+
Both B & C
All of the above
A

B AND C

32
Q

Which way does K+ flow during an Action Potential?
In
Out

A

Out

33
Q

Which of the 3 ATP regeneration pathways relies on creatine?
Direct Phosphorylation
Anaerobic pathway
Aerobic pathway

A

Direct Phosphorylation

34
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

same stretch tension

35
Q

Interstital means

A

small space between

36
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

production of all blood cells

37
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

stem cells

38
Q

Growth of cartilage by chondroblasts secreting against the external surface of cartilage is called _________ growth.

A

appositional

39
Q

______ cartilage covers articular surfaces.

A

hyaline

40
Q

“chondroid” literally means “_____ _____”.

A

resembling carilage

41
Q

T/F: calcified cartilage is called bone.

A

False

42
Q

Osteogenic cells are found within ________.
Endosteum
Periosteum
Both

A

both

43
Q

Name two synonyms for “spongy bone”: _______ _______

A

trabecular and cancellous

44
Q

osteocalcin is a ….

A

hormone

45
Q

Which holds more water, a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan?

A

glocoprotein

46
Q

Name all the cell types that can be derived (directly or indirectly) from bone stem cells (osteogenic cells).

A

bone lining cell
osteoblast
osteocyte

47
Q

Osteoblasts can become which 2 other cell types?

A

osteocyte

bone lining

48
Q

Which bone cell secretes osteocalcin?

A

osteoblast

49
Q

When blood calcium (Ca2+) gets too low, this causes the parathyroid to release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which targets osteoclasts. Predict: Does PTH stimulate or inhibit osteoclasts?

A

stimulate

50
Q

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:

Chondrocytes hypertrophy.

A

Endochondral

51
Q

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:

Red Marrow fills trabecular cavities.

A

both bitch

52
Q

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid.

A

both bitch

53
Q

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:

Medullary cavity forms.

A

Endochondral

54
Q

Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:

Cartilage model acts as scaffold, replaced by bone.

A

Endochondral

55
Q

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:

6. Occurs at the Epiphyseal plate.

A

Interstitial

56
Q

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:

  1. Achieves bone remodeling.
A

Appositional

57
Q

Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:

  1. Is directed by growth hormone.
A

Interstital

58
Q

In which zone do interstitial bone growth do chondrocytes?

A

calification ZONEEEEEE

59
Q

H+ secretion will cause pH to become more _______.

A

acidic

60
Q

What is apoptosis

A

program cell death

61
Q

Low [Ca2+] levels in the blood stimulates osteoclast activity. Why?

A

breaks down bone to add calcium to the blood stream

62
Q

High Ca2+ levels will cause PTH levels to:

Increase or decrease?

A

decrease

63
Q

Realignment of broken bones is called ________.

A

reduction

64
Q

Which of these steps occurs last in bone repair:
Bony callus
Hematoma
Fibrocartilagenous callus

A

boney callus

65
Q

An elderly patient with osteoporosis should take an osteoclast _______.
A. Inhibitor
B. Activator

A

inhibitor

A&P (16 decks)

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