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Neurophys Exam II > 5 Single-source/ Divergent Networks > Flashcards

5 Single-source/ Divergent Networks Flashcards

1
Q

What are do defects in NT amines and acetylcholine often result in?

A

psychiatric disorders

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2
Q

What are the amine NTs?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Histamine
Serotonin

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3
Q

What is another important NT that is not considered an amine?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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4
Q

What are the 5 single-source divergent networks?

A
  1. Dopamine (DA)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline/adrenaline)(NE/NA)/ Epinephrine (Epi)
  3. Histamine (His)
  4. Serotonin (5-HT/ 5-HTP)
  5. Acetylcholine (ACh)
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5
Q

What do all of the 5 networks utilize?

A

unique NTs

  • Small molecule NTs
  • Ca dependent release
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6
Q

Where are the neurons that release a single NT contained?

A

in nuclei

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7
Q

What are the locations of the 5 network nuclei?

A

Brainstem, hypothalamus and basal forebrain

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8
Q

Network neurons in the 5 single-source divergent networks have what characteristics?

A

unmyelinated axons that are highly arborized which synapse on many target cells in various brain regions

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9
Q

Do all 5 networks communicate?

A

Yes, they are interconnected and work cooperatively together to control overall brain state
- consciousness, attention, emotion, learning and memory processes, and the monitoring of overall physiologic state of the body

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10
Q

What other brain regions do the 5 networks also project to?

A

thalamus and cortical regions

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11
Q

List of nuclei and systems on pg 19

A

better visualized on pg. 20 (if you went to class to fill it in)

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12
Q

Volume synaptic transmission is what type of synapse?

A

Non-direct synapse

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13
Q

How does volume synaptic transmission work?

A

Release of NT in response to intracellular Ca, through varicosities of the axons –> NT can diffuse freely

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14
Q

Numerous NT molecules can diffuse freely in various directions is known as what type of release?

A

Omnidirectional

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15
Q

What are postsynaptic physiological effects via “volume synaptic transmission” NT release?`

A
  • Large numbers of cells influenced each time NT released
  • Long duration of modulatory effects
  • Non-directed action
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16
Q

Which pathway of the brain is involved in producing the state of consciousness (during the sleep-wake cycle)?

A

Thalamic ascending reticular activating system (ARAS, RAS

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17
Q

What structures (nuclei) do the circuits of the ARAS/RAS ascend through in the brainstem and cerebral cortex?

A
  • Intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILn)

- Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRn) of the thalamus to cerebral cortex

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18
Q

What do all 5 of the single-source divergent networks communicate with?

A

the thalamic ARAS

19
Q

Where is the norepinephrine/noradrenaline produced?

A 
Locus coeruleus (Lc)
- a paired brainstem nuclei within the rostral pons
20
Q

Where in the brain does the Locus coerules (Lc) of NE/NA system project?

A

Several regions including the cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and the hypothalamus

  • Even to structures of the limbic system (amygdala)
  • Also to ARAS
21
Q

Functions of the NE/NA system?

A
  • Excitatory and Inhibitory
  • Attention and arousal (including “flight or flight” response)
  • Negative emotion process
  • Regulation of deep sleep (non-REM sleep)
  • Support learning and memory
  • May aid in cognitive performance
22
Q

What is the source of histamine in the CNS?

A

tuberomammilary nucleus (TMn) of the hypothalamus

23
Q

Is histamine excitatory, inhibitory, or both?

A

only excitatory

24
Q

What are the targets of the His system?

A

brainstem, spinal cord, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum

25
Q

What are the functions of the His?

A
  • Mediation of arousal and attention
  • Modulation of body energy stores (energy homeostasis)
  • Control of circadian rhythms
  • Support learning and memory
26
Q

Where is the serotonin (5-HT) produced?

A

Raphe nuclei

27
Q

Where is the Raphe nuclei located?

A

A region of the brainstem that extends from the pons to the midbrain

28
Q

Does serotonin have an excitatory or inhibitory affect?

A

both

29
Q

Where do the projections from the Raphe nuclei in the serotonin system go?

A

to the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum

30
Q

What are the functions of serotonin system?

A
  • Mediation of attention & arousal
  • Inhibition (suppression) of behavior
  • Modulation of negative emotions
  • Support learning & memory
  • Control of deep sleep (non-REM)
31
Q

Of the 8 distinct nuclei of the Ach system, which two are considered the principle nuclei?

A

Basalis of Meynert (NB) and Pontopeduncular nucleus (PPN)

32
Q

Where is the Basalis of Meynert (NB) located?

A

anterior part of the thalamus and lenticular nucleus within the anterior perforated substance

33
Q

Where is the pontopeduncular nucleus (PPN) located?

A

in the midbrain adjacent to the substantia nigra

34
Q

Is ACh excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory only at the NMJ, but both in the brain

35
Q

Brain regions that receive input from ACh neurons

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebrum

36
Q

Where specifically are nuclei of the Dopamine (DA) system?

A

Nuclei of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and Substantia nigra

37
Q

Functions of the dopamine system?

A
  • Mediate the brain’s “positive reward network” & motivation
  • Modulates positive emotion and mood
  • Supports learning and memory
  • Mediates attention and arousal
38
Q

How is dopamine removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

through enzymatic breakdown and cell uptake/re-uptake

39
Q

What is the is the dopamine transporter referred to as?

A

DAT

40
Q

What do opiate drugs like cocaine and amphetamines do to dopamine and its receptors?

A

they block re-uptake of dopamine by binding to the DAT r/c

  • this increase release of more dopamine
  • Some also activate Ca channels –> releasing large bolus of dopamine in to synapse
41
Q

T/F: Opiates can block GABA-ergic inhibitory interneurons.

A

True

42
Q

What is the role of Nicotine in the DA system?

A

Binds to a subtype of GLU r/c (nicotinic r/c)

- Binding on these excitatory neurons results in release of GLU

43
Q

What is the role of GLU in the DA system and nicotinic r/c?

A

GLU binds to the VTA neurons, activating and causing the release of dopamine (DA)

44
Q

What types of feelings and emotions are activated with activation of the DA system?

A

Positive feelings and emotions

- more often the pathway is stimulated, the stronger the motivational drive

Neurophys Exam II (12 decks)

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