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Esthetics > Ch. 7: Basics of Chemistry > Flashcards

Ch. 7: Basics of Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Chemistry

A

The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

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2
Q

Define: Organic Chemistry

A

The study of substances that contain the element carbon. (All living things whether plant or animal contain carbon)

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3
Q

Define: Inorganic Chemistry

A

The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.

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4
Q

What is Matter?

A

Any substance that occupies space and has mass(weight).

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5
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas.

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6
Q

Everything known to exist in the universe is either made up of _____ or _____.

A

Matter or Energy

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7
Q

What is an Element?

A

The simplest form of chemical matter. It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.

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8
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The particles from which all matter is composed of. The smallest particle of an element that still remains the properties of that element.

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9
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.

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10
Q

What are Elemental Molecules?

A

Molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically.
[ Ex: the air we breath (O₂) ]

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11
Q

What are Compound Molecules?

A

Chemical combinations of two(2) or more atoms of different elements that are united chemically.
[ Ex: salt = sodium chloride (NaCl) ]

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12
Q

Define: Solid

A

Have a definite size (volume) and a definite shape.

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13
Q

Define: Liquid

A

Have a definite size (volume) but not a definite shape. Liquids take on the shape of the container they are in.

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14
Q

Define: Gases

A

Do not have a definite size (volume) nor a definite shape.

Ex: steam

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15
Q

What are Physical Properties of matter?

A

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
(color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, hardness)

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16
Q

What are Chemical Properties of matter?

A

Characteristics that can be determined only with a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
(rusting iron, burning wood)

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17
Q

Define: Oxidation

A

The addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

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18
Q

What is a Physical Change?

A

A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance.

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19
Q

What is a Chemical Change?

A

A change in the chemical properties of a substance that is the result of a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance that have properties different from the original.

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20
Q

Name the Element:

  • A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the lightest element known. Flammable and explosive when mixed with air.
A

Hydrogen (H)

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21
Q

Name the Element:

  • A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the most abundant element found on earth. Its chief characteristic is its ability to support combustion.
A

Oxygen (O)

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22
Q

What are Chemical Compounds?

A

A combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.

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23
Q

What are Physical Mixtures?

A

A combination of two or more substances that are united physically, not chemically, in any proportions with combined properties.

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24
Q

Name the Element:

  • A colorless, gaseous element and is found chiefly in the form of ammonium and nitrates. It makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere.
A

Nitrogen (N)

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25
Q

What elements are in the Air we breath?

A

1 part Oxygen and 4 parts Nitrogen by volume. It also contains a small amount of Carbon Dioxide.

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26
Q

Name the Chemical Compound:

  • The most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the earth’s surface. All cells require this to live.
A

Water (H₂O)

27
Q

Name the Chemical Compound:

  • A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste. It can be used as an antiseptic or, at a higher volume, for bleaching hair.
A

Hydrogen Peroxide

H₂O₂

28
Q

What is the pH scale?

A 
Potential Hydrogen (pH)
* A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
29
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

30
Q

Define: Ionization

A

Ionization causes an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges.

31
Q

What is an Anion?

A

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

32
Q

What is a Cation?

A

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

33
Q

What is an anion with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom?

A

Hydroxide

34
Q

What makes a substance acidic?

A

The addition of Hydrogen ions (H+)

35
Q

What makes a substance more alkaline?

A

the addition of Hydroxide ions (OH-)

36
Q

Define: Acids

A

Substances that have a pH below 7.0 and tastes sour.

37
Q

Define: Alkalis

A

Also called bases; substances have a pH above 7.0 and tastes bitter.

38
Q

What is the natural pH of the skin?

A

Slightly acidic at 5.5

39
Q

What is the protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin? What does it protect against?

A
  • Acid Mantle

* Certain forms of bacteria and other microorganisms.

40
Q

What are Acid-Alkali neutralization Reactions?

A

When an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H₂O) and salt.

41
Q

What is Oxidation-Reduction?

A

Also known as redox; A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

42
Q

Define: Oxidizing Agent

A

A substance that releases oxygen.

43
Q

Define: Reduction

A

The subtraction of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen.

44
Q

Define: Redox Reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

45
Q

Define: Combustion

A

The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.
(Ex: lighting a match)

46
Q

What are Antioxidants?

A
  • An ingredient used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose.
  • They are vitamins such as A, C, and E which can be applied topically or taken internally to increase healthy body functions.
47
Q

How do Antioxidants prevent oxidation?

A

by neutralizing free radicals.

48
Q

What are Free Radicals?

A
  • Are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process.
  • Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging skin.
49
Q

Define: Oxidize

A

To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen.

50
Q

What do Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions all have in common?

A

They are all Physical Mixtures of two or more different substances.

51
Q

Define: Solutions

A

A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances.

52
Q

Define: Solute

A

Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent form a solution.

53
Q

Define: Solvent

A

Any substance that is dissolved by a solute to form a solution.

54
Q

Define: Miscible

A

Liquids that are mutually soluble.

Ex: water and alcohol

55
Q

Define: Immiscible

A

Liquids that are not mutually soluble.

Ex: water and oil

56
Q

What are Suspensions?

A

Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances.

57
Q

What are Emulsions?

A

Mixtures of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.

58
Q

Define: Emulsify

A

To form an emulsion.

59
Q

What are Surfactants?

A
  • Surface Active Agents

* Used to emulsify oil and water.

60
Q

What are the two distinct parts of a surfactant molecule that make the emulsification of oil and water possible?

A

One end of the surfactant molecule is Hydrophilic and the other end is Lipophilic.

61
Q

Define: Hydrophilic

A

Easily absorbs moisture; capable of combining with or attracting water. (water-loving)

62
Q

Define: Lipophilic

A

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

63
Q

What is an Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion?

A

Oil droplets dispersed in water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.

64
Q

What is a Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion?

A

Droplets of water dispersed in oil.

Esthetics (23 decks)

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