20th Century

Question 1

How was penicillin discovered?

Answer 1

1928 Alexander Fleming left petri dishes containing bacteria in his lab - when return mould had grown and caused bacteria to die around it
This fungus identified as penicillin

Question 2

Why did no one think penicillin was important in 1929?

Answer 2

Had not been tested on animals, then realised it lost its properties when mixed with blood

Question 3

What did Florey and chain do?

Answer 3

1938- used Flemings research and tested it on mice

1941 They tested on a person, started working, but he died because they ran out

Question 4

What happened when Florey went to America in 1941?

Answer 4

Government wanted penicillin for treatment in WW2
Encouraged British firms and over 2.3 million doses were given in a day
1945 - Fleming Florey and chain awarded Nobel prize

Question 5

Who Discovered the structure of DNA?

Answer 5

Crick and Watson 1953

Also showed how passed on

Question 6

Why were Crick and Watson able to make their discovery about humane genes?

Answer 6

Improved microscope
Other knowledge
Money from government

Question 7

Explain the human genome project.

Answer 7

1986-2001
To Identify exact purpose of each gene
Scientists form 8 countries
Needed computers

Question 8

Describe the process of gene therapy?

Answer 8

Take normal gene from a diner and put in the sufferers DNA

For example cystic fibrosis

Question 9

What are the consequences of discovering DNA structure?

Answer 9

Customised drugs
Genetic engineering
Genetic screening
Gene therapy

Question 10

Who discovered X-rays and how?

Answer 10

Whihelm Rontgen 1895

The Rays didn’t pass through paper wood and flesh

Question 11

What affect did ww1 have in the use of X-rays?

Answer 11

Surgeons needed to locate shrapnel in the wounds

Governments ordered the making of more machines

Question 12

Who discovered radiation therapy?

Answer 12

Marie Curie
Skin burned by radioactive material
Discovery of radium which is used to diagnose and treat cancer

Question 13

What did Marie Curie persuade the government to do?

Answer 13

Pay for mobile x-Ray machine that can be transported around the battle fronts

Question 14

How was infection fought in the 20th century?

Answer 14

Saline solution

Penicillin

Question 15

Who discovered blood groups and what consequences did it have?

Answer 15

1901- Karl Landsteiner

Blood transfusion was possible

Question 16

How were problems with storing blood for transfusion overcome?

Answer 16

Sodium citrate stopped clotting

Being able to separate and store blood cells

Question 17

How did war help the development of plastic surgery?

Answer 17

WW1- 11,000 operations

WW2- more burns and skin grafts , Archibald Mcindoe carried out 4,000 operations

Question 18

Who carried out the first heart transplant?

Answer 18

Christiaan Barnard - 1967 in South Africa

Question 19

How have anaesthesia been further developed since the 1800s?

Answer 19

1930s- Helmuth Wesse injected into blood stream

Local anaesthetics

Question 20

What has enabled keyhole and micro surgery?

Answer 20

Computers
Endoscope
Miniature cameras
Fibre optic cables

Question 21

Who discovered penicillin?and when?

Answer 21

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Question 22

How did the boer war kick start the government to give better public health?

Answer 22

1899-1903
38% rejected for health problems
2/3 turned down in industrial areas

Question 23

What did the social reformers Booth and Rowntree do?

Answer 23

Booth - life and labour of the London poor, “25% of Londoners living in poverty is an exaggeration”, collected evidence to disprove, discovered it is actually 35%, suggested gig responsibility and old age pensions

Rowntree - 1901 published “Poverty: a study of town life” showing that more than a quarter of people in York lived in poverty, even though they worked. Increased his employees wages and recorded changes.
Published “progress and poverty” showing 50% reduction.

Question 24

What party was formed in 1900 what did they do?

Answer 24

Labour Party

Pledged to improve loving and working conditions

Question 25

Who won the 1906 elections and what did they do?

Answer 25

New Liberal Government Elected

Liberal reforms 1906-1914
Free school meals 1906
Registered births and health visitors 1907
Pensions 1908
National insurance Act (help for sick) 1911
Free medical treatment for children 1912

Question 26

What was the 1911 national insurance act?

Answer 26

Invented by David Lloyd George
When worker fall ill they can claim 10 shillings a week sick pay and free medical care
Doesn’t cover families

Question 27

What affect did World War One have on public health?

Answer 27

Promised Homes fit for heroes for returning soldiers after war
Slum clearance

Question 28

What affect did World War Two have on public health?

Answer 28

Social equality
Evacuation to towns and countryside to better off families, shocked at conditions of children
Free health care during war to keep fit for war effort

Question 29

What did Beveridge do?

Answer 29

Civil servant, asked to write report on what should be done to improve lives (Beveridge report 1942)
Said:
- everyone should pay national insurance to cover sick pay, pensions, unemployment pay etc
- set up NHS free
- medical workers should become gov employees rather than treat privately

Question 30

What did Bevan do?

Answer 30

Minister for health
Doctors opposed against gov work only after suggested in Beveridge report
1948 began compromised so doctors could treat private patients in own time.

Question 31

How has the NHS developed?

Answer 31

1946 - NHS introduced
1960s- new hospital building programme 
1970s- single health campaigns 
1990s- health of nation initiates 
2000- funding problems

Question 32

Who developed the first magic bullet?

Answer 32

Paul Erlich 1909
Salvarsan 606
Treats syphilis

Question 33

Who developed the second magic bullet?

Answer 33

Domagk 1932
Prontosil
Treats blood poisining

Question 34

What does the NHS do?

Answer 34

Provides the free services:

• hospitals
• specialists
• dentists
• ambulances
• health centres
• health visiting
• maternity etc