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NMS 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pain, temperature, and light touch are known as?

A

Superficial sensations

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2
Q

Superficial sensations are also classified as what?

A

Exteroceptive
Or
Cutaneous sensations

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3
Q

What receptors lie in the skin and mucous membrane?

A

Exteroceptive sensations

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4
Q

Pain, touch, and proprioception are what type of sensation?

A

Deep pain

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5
Q

What is the highest level of sensation?

A

Multimodal or association cortex

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6
Q

Who used the observation of herpetic lesions and traumatic involvement of the spinal cord to study dermatomal distribution?

A

Head, he came first… Then Sherrington and foerster

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7
Q

Which researchers performed isolated posterior root sections and noted the remaining, or unaltered, sensibility after certain roots were cut?

A

Sherrington and foerster

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8
Q

Which researcher studied a large series of cases involving herniated intervertebral discs with the blocking of a single nerve root?

A

Keegan

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9
Q

What did Keegan discover that contradicted head and foerster?

A

Found little to no overlap of dermatomes and was able to delineate strips of hypalgesia which extend to the most distal portions of the extremities.

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10
Q

Which specialized receptors are found in skin, mucous membranes, and peritrichal endings around the hair follicles?

A

Tactile disc of merkel

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11
Q

Light tough or non-discriminating touch is known as?

A

Thigmesthesia

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12
Q

The neuro-pathway of light touch is basically the same one used for?

A

Pain using slightly myelinated fibers that ascend in the anterior lateral column to the thalamus

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13
Q

Deep touch,or discriminating (well localized) touch is known as?

A

Topesthesia

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14
Q

What specialized receptors are found in the hairless portion of skin?

A

Corpuscles of meissner, responsible for Topesthesia

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15
Q

What sensation is primarily carried by large diameter, heavily myelinated fibers through the posterior spinal cord district?

A

Topesthesia (well localized) touch

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16
Q

During what examination should you prevent putting any pressure on the subcutaneous tissues?

A

Light touch examination

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17
Q

When a dual head instrument moves away from the involved side this indicates what?

A

Nerve irritation

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18
Q

A decrease in sympathetic function resulting in vasodilation indicates what type of nerve issue?

A

Nerve compression

Dual head towards involved side

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19
Q

Which nerve issue would sensory, motor, and deep tendon reflex exam exhibit normal findings?

A

Nerve irritation

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20
Q

In nerve compression, what is the order of functional loss?

A

1) Light touch
2) sharp pain and temperature
3) position and vibratory sensation
Returns in reverse order

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21
Q

What syndrome causes loss of abduction of the shoulder and loss of Flexion at the elbow?

A

Erb-Duchenne (avulsion of C5 and C6 roots)

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22
Q

What paralysis is due to avulsion of C8 and T1 nerve roots, causing loses in use of intrinsic muscles of the hand in the long flexor a and extensors of the fingers?

A

Klumpke paralysis

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23
Q

What must be done before you can mark muscle stretch reflex as absent?

A

Try with reinforcement (gritting teeth)

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24
Q

What tissues are devoid of nociceptors?

A

Synovial membranes
Articulate cartilage
The inner annulus and nucleus of an intervertebral disc

25
Q

Noxious stimuli maybe caused by what three general categories?

A

Thermal
Mechanical
Chemical

26
Q

The subluxation syndrome could be considered what type obnoxious stimulant?

A 
Mechanical stimulant
(No pain equals a normal joint)
27
Q

Upon correction of nerve compression I what order will senses return?

A

1) position and vibratory sense
2) pain and temperature
3) light touch

28
Q

Because of the presence of of nociceptive nerve endings within the annulus fibrosis of the disc, annular tears can cause pain where?

A

Lower back, buttocks, S-I region, and lower extremity

29
Q

Bilateral leg pain, bowel and bladder incontinence, sensory exam of S3-S5 is absent for either light touch or sharp indicates what?

A

Cauda equine syndrome

30
Q

Between Cauda equine and sacral sparing syndrome, which one would bowel and blade function be normal or maybe some leakage?

A

Sacral sparing

31
Q

you are concerned that your patient has Cauda equina sydrome, so you perform a sensory exam of S3-S5 and it is equal bilaterally. Do you call an ambulance or not?

A

No they have sacral sparing

Evaluate, monitor and treat accordingly

32
Q

Awkwardness of movement as opposed to weakness is characteristic of?

A

Both cerebellar and basal ganglia lesion

33
Q

What are some of the many substances shown to excite nociceptors?

A

PROstaglandins
POTassium

SUBstance P
SEROtonin

HISTAmine
PLASMA kinins

34
Q

What impulses travel along the slightly myelinated A-Delta fibers AND along the UNmyelinated C fibers?

A

Nociceptive impulses

35
Q

The clinical examination for pain should be done using only what stimulus?

A

Sharp with dull being used occasionally as a reliability check

36
Q

What are the terms indicating an area insensitive to pain?

A

Alganesthestia and analgesia

37
Q

What term indicates an area with decreased sensitivity to pain?

A

Hypalgesia

38
Q

When a primary sensory modality is not in working order, then the deficit is referred to as?

A

Anesthesia or analgesia

39
Q

Loss of vibratory sensation is termed?

A

Pallanesthesia

40
Q

What are the three areas to evaluate during a motor exam?

A

Strength
Tone
Volume

41
Q

The force exerted in changing position is known as?

A

Kinetic

42
Q

The force exerted in resisting movement is known as?

A

Static

43
Q

True or false. In most diseases kinetic and static power are equally affected?

A

True

However in the extrapyramidal (UMNL) syndromes, kinetic power may be diminished while static power remains normal

44
Q

Which is stronger, Wrist flexors or wrist extensors?

A

Wrist flexors

45
Q

Which is stronger, biceps or triceps?

A

Triceps

46
Q

Increased muscle tone can be noted as what two types?

A

Spasticity
Rigidity
This indicates an upper motor neuron lesion

47
Q

An active spasticity where an increased muscular resistance is felt by the examiner during the joint motion then the resistance quickly fades away is known as what syndrome?

A

Clasped knife syndrome

48
Q

A passive involuntary muscular resistance felt when moving a resting joint throughout its entire range of motion is known as?

A

Rigidity

Gooseneck rigidity is when it feels like bending a microphone while in its holder

49
Q

Hypotonicity suggests what type of motor neuron lesion?

A

Lower motor neuron lesion

50
Q

What is an acute, severe upper motor neuron lesion damage in either the brain and/or spinal cord?

A

Neural shock

51
Q

Initial neural shock shows only what type of findings?

A

Peripheral type neurological findings

52
Q

disease of what part of the brain may cause diffuse hypotonia?

A

Cerebellum

53
Q

Loss of normal neurological function, such as; reductions in muscle tone, muscle stretch reflexes, muscle strength and volume. This is known as?

A

Deficit phenomenon AKA lower motor neuron lesion

54
Q

Exaggerations or perversions of normal neurological function are due to a loss of cortical inhibition. This is known as?

A

Release phenomena AKA upper motor neuron lesion

55
Q

Hyper-reflexia, hypertonia, and pathological reflexes would indicate which phenomena?

A

Release phenomena

Named due to the release from descending cortical inhibition

56
Q

Upon assessing a DTR you must look at?

A

Speed of reaction
Vigor of response
Length of contraction

57
Q

How do you test for pathological clonus in the upper extremity?

A

Passively apply resistance into the wrist while held in extension

58
Q

How do you test for pathological clonus in the lower extremity?

A

Passively dorsiflex the ankle and or traction the patella from superior to inferior

NMS 1 (20 decks)

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