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Biology 3/4 > Chapter 2 - Cell Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Found in bacteria
  • Lack of membrane bound organelles
  • Contains free floating DNA
  • Has a plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes and flagella/cilia
  • No nucleus, mitochondrion, E.R, Golgi,
    Lysosomes or chloroplasts
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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Found in complex organisms (non-bacterial)
  • Complex structure
  • Have membrane bound organelles
  • DNA found in nucleus
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3
Q

Active Transport

A

The use of proteins powered by ATP to move molecules against a concentration gradient

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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed and controlled series events which lead to cell death. Messenger molecules bind to receptors causing cascade of events within cell. Enzymes are triggered to break down cell components (many organelles unaffected) as cell begins into bleb into apoptic bodies encased in plasma membrane. Blebs are enveloped through phagocytosis.

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5
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Proteins within the plasma membrane that assist with the

passage of other molecules across the membrane in

facilitated and active transport

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6
Q

Channel proteins

A

Proteins that form channels within the plasma membrane to

allow for the passage of hydrophilic substances across the

membrane

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of proteins and DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure composed of DNA and protein that contains along its length linear arrays of genes carrying genetic information; prokaryotes have one circular chromosome whereas eukaryotes have a number of linear chromosomes

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9
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration across a boundary

Substances move from high to low

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10
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments within a eukaryotic cell that provides structural support, anchorage, shape, motility and a capacity to move and arrange organelles within a cell

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11
Q

Passive Diffusion

A

The movement of a dissolved substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; the process is
passive and does not require an input of energy

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12
Q

Exocytosis

A

A fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane so that its

contents can be expelled or secreted from the cell

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13
Q

Extra-cellular matrix (ECM)

A

Mixture of structural proteins and glycoproteins found in space between neighbouring cell that supports tissue structure

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14
Q

Flagellum

A

(pl. flagella) whip-like organelle of cells that enable movement

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies proteins and lipids before exporting them inside vesicles from the cell.

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16
Q

Isotonic

A

When the solution outside and inside the cell contains the same concentration of solute particles. There is no net
movement of water molecules.

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane-bound vesicle in eukaryotic cells containing enzymes which is involved in the breakdown and recycling of many types of molecules

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18
Q

Organelle

A

Specialised structure or compartment in a eukaryotic cell that has a specific function

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A form of endocytosis in which solid material is engulfed by a plasma membrane and surrounded by a liposome within a cell.

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20
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process by which liquid and small molecules are engulfed and taken into the cell enclosed in a membrane-bound vacuole (endocytosis)

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The insoluble boundary of the living cell that maintains the contents of the cell and regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell. All cells have a plasma membrane

22
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Occurs when the plasma membrane is drawn away from the cell wall in plants owing to the loss of water from the cell by osmosis

23
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cell that lack a membrane bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles; all bacteria are prokaryotic cells

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis in all cells, this organelle is not
bound by a membrane; a ribosome consists of two rRNA (ribosomal RNA) subunits that lock onto a mRNA molecule; the ribosome moves along mRNA to translate its code and link amino acids. Forming a polypeptide

25
Q

Turgid

A

When water has entered plant cells by osmosis to the extent

that their swollen vacuole pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall

26
Q

Vacuole

A

A cavity inside a cell bounded by a membrane; it takes up most of the interior of a mature plant cell and contains dissolved materials for storage and waste; in animal cells, vacuole sacs are small and isolate materials, such as toxins and proenzymes, from the protoplasm

27
Q

Osmosis occurs in the direction

A

Low water concentration —> High

High solute concentration to low

28
Q

What determines whether a substance is permeable to a plasma membrane.
IN Vs OUT

A

Charge of molecule
size of molecule
IN: small polar and non polar molecules (non-polar more readily allowed through)
OUT; Ions and large molecules polar ones

29
Q

Simple diffusion Vs Passive Diffusion

A

Simple: Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient without assistance of proteins
Passive: Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with or without assistance of proteins

30
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the assistance of carrier and channel proteins.

31
Q

Active transport

A

Net movement of molecules through carrier proteins against concentration gradient using ATP to provide the energy.

32
Q

Isotonic

A

Surrounding fluid concentration equal to fluid inside the cell.

33
Q

Hypertonic:

Net water movement

A

The outside fluid is hypertonic to the cell if it has a higher concentration of solute than inside the cell.
Water moves out of cell

34
Q

Hypotonic:

Net water movement

A

The outside fluid is hypotonic to the cell if it has a lower concentration of solute than inside the cell.
water moves into cell

35
Q

What is bulk transport

A

Large macromolecules or clumps of molecules are transported across the plasma membrane in a vesicle.

36
Q

Endocytosis;

Name for solid and liquid endocytosis

A

Endocytosis: Plasma membrane sinks inwards, encloses particles within endocytic vesicle which transports them through the cytoplasm.
Solid: Phagocytosis
Liquid: pinocytisis

37
Q

Protein secretion pathway

A
  1. ) Polypeptide chain synthesised from a bound ribosome
  2. ) Protein enters lumen of rough ER and folds into 3D shape
  3. ) Proteins leave ER in vesicle.
  4. ) Vesicle received by Golgi apparatus (at the cis-face) where they are modified, often adding a carbohydrate group.
  5. ) Proteins leave Golgi apparatus in liposome (from the trans-face) and are shipped to the cells membrane and exported from the cell in exocytosis.
38
Q

When are bound ribosomes used compared to free ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes usually for proteins to be used within the cell.
Bound ribosomes: usually for proteins that will be secreted by the cell

39
Q

Identifying:
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus

A

Rough ER: Interconnecting tubules with bumps (ribosomes)
Smooth ER: Interconnecting smooth tubules
Golgi apparatus: Looks like smooth ER but in shape of a C

40
Q

Purpose of smooth ER

A

involved in the production of lipids, including phospholipids and cholesterol

41
Q

Free ribosomes vs bound ribosomes purpose

A

Free ribosomes = synthesis of proteins that are to used in the cell
Bound ribosomes= synthesis of proteins that will be exported

42
Q

Sequence of protein synthesis to be exported

A
  1. ) mRNA used to transcribe amino acid sequence on ribosome bound to the rough ER.
  2. ) polypeptide sequence enter lumen of rough ER and is folded into its 3D functional shape
  3. ) Protein exits rough ER in vesicle and enters Golgi apparatus through endocytosis.
  4. ) here protein is introduced carbohydrate creating glycoproteins.
  5. ) exits Golgi in vesicle and exocytoses out of the cell to be delivered around the body
42
Q

Purpose of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Polypeptide chain folded into 3D functional shape with aid of enzyme and is prepared for the addition of carbohydrates in the Golgi.

43
Q

Centriole

A

A pair of cylindrical structures that made up of several tubes that form spindle during cellular division.

44
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections on the surface on some cells.

45
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes that destroy toxic materials such as hydrogen peroxide.

46
Q

Difference between Plant and animal cells

A

Plant: Cell wall, Chloroplast, large vacuole
Animal: No cell wall, No Chloroplast, small vacuole

47
Q

Endosymbiotic theory and evidence

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast were life forms of their own that were enveloped by a eukaryotic cell and utilised for energy production.
Evidence:
- Both have a double membrane, one of the prokaryote and one of the hosts.
- Both have unique circular DNA, allowing the, to pass on genetic info as independent organisms
- both contain small ribosomes indicating they make their own proteins.

48
Q

Discuss importance of membrane bound organelles

A

Allow for chemical environments which reactions can proceed with maximum efficiency. Allows cell to keep harmful reactions and substances contained

49
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Contractile vacuoles absorb excess water and wastes from a microorganism’s cell and excrete them into the environment by contracting.

Biology 3/4 (14 decks)

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