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PMP (Rita's Hot Topics) > 07) Quality Management > Flashcards

07) Quality Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of quality management?

A
  • Plan Quality Management
  • Perform Quality Assurance
  • Control Quality
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2
Q

What are the key outputs fo the Plan Quality Management process?

A
  • Quality management plan
  • Quality metrics
  • Quality checklists
  • Process improvement plan
  • Updates to project documents
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3
Q

What are the key outputs of the Perform Quality Assurance process?

A
  • Change requests
  • Updates to standards, processes, and quality systems (organizational process assets)
  • Updates to project management plan and project documents
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4
Q

What are the key outputs of the Control Quality process?

A
  • Quality control measurements
  • Validated changes
  • Work performance information
  • Updates to project management plan and project documents
  • Change requests
  • Lessons learned (part of updates to organzational process assets)
  • Verified deliverables
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5
Q

What is the definition of quality?

A

The degree to which the project fulfills requirements

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6
Q

How does quality differ from grade?

A

Whereas quality is the degree to which requirements are fulfilled, grade refers to a general category or classification for a deliverable or resource that indicates common function, but varying technical specifications

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7
Q

What does gold plating mean?

A

Adding extra items and services to customer deliverables that do not necessarily contribute added value or quality

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8
Q

What is marginal analysis?

A

An analysis to determine when optimal quality is reached - to determine the point where incremental benefits or revenue from improving quality equals the incremental cost to secure it

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9
Q

What is a process improvement plan?

A

A plan for analyzing the processes used on the project to improve them, looking for ways to decrease defects, save time and money, and increase customer satisfaction

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10
Q

What are quality metrics?

A

Specific measures of quality to be used on the project in the Perform Quality Assurance and Control Quality processes

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11
Q

What does continuous improvement mean?

A

The ongoing enhancement of a product or service through small, continuous improvements in quality

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12
Q

How much inventory is maintained in a just in time (JIT) environment?

A

Little inventory is maintained

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13
Q

How does just in time (JIT) inventory affect attention to quality?

A

It forces attention to quality

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14
Q

What does ISO 9000 stand for?

A

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) quality standards that help organizations ensure that they have quality procedures and are following them

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15
Q

What is the definition of total quality management, or TQM?

A

A comprehensive management philosophy that encourages companies to find ways to continuously improve the quality of business practices, products, and services at every level of the organization.

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16
Q

Why is “prevention over inspection” important?

A

Because the cost of avoiding or preventing mistakes is much less than the cost of correcting them

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17
Q

What does mutual exclusivity mean?

A

Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial (for example, you can’t get both a 5 and a 6 on a single roll of a die)

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18
Q

What is statistical independence?

A

The probability of event “B” occurring does not depend on event “A” occurring (for example, the outcome of a second roll of a die is not dependent on the outcome of the first roll)

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19
Q

What is a normal distribution curve?

A
  • A symmetric bell-shaped frequency distribution curve used to measure variation
  • This is the most common probability distribution
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20
Q

What does sigma signify in a process?

A

How much variance from the mean has been established as permissible in a process

21
Q

What’s another name for sigma?

A

Standard deviation

22
Q

What do 3 sigma and 6 sigma refer to?

A

These are commonly used as quality standards

  • 3 sigma: +/- 3 standard deviations from the mean
  • 6 sigma: +/- 6 standard deviations from the mean

6 sigma is a higher quality standard than 3 sigma

23
Q

What is the difference between a population and a sample?

A
  • Population: The total number of individual members, items, or elements comprising a uniquely defined group (e.g., all women)
  • Sample: A statistically valid subset of population members (e.g., women randomly chosen to represent the population)
24
Q

Who has responsibility for quality on a project?

A

Although team members must inspect their own work, the project manager has the ultimate responsibility for quality

25
Q

What are the impacts of poor quality?

A
  • Increased costs
  • Decreased profits
  • Low morale
  • Low customer satisfaction
  • Increased risk
  • Rework
  • Schedule delays
26
Q

What are examples of costs of conformance and costs of nonconformance?

A

Costs of conformance:

  • Quality training
  • Studies
  • Surveys
  • Efforts to ensure everyone knows the processes to use to complete their work

Costs of nonconformance:

  • Rework
  • Scrap
  • Inventory costs
  • Warranty costs
  • Lost business
27
Q

What are costs of nonconformance associated with?

A

Cost of nonconformance are associated with poor quality

28
Q

Which should be greater, the costs of conformance or nonconformance?

A

The costs of conformance should be less than the costs of nonconformance

29
Q

What are the seven basic quality tools (7QC)?

A
  • Cause and effect diagram
  • Flowchart
  • Checksheet
  • Pareto diagram
  • Histogram
  • Control chart
  • Scatter diagram
30
Q

What is a quality checklist?

A

A list of items to inspect, a list of steps to perform, or a picture of an item to be inspected, with space to note any defects found

31
Q

How does a checksheet differe from a quality checklist?

A
  • Although a checksheet is a type of checklist, its primary purpose is to gather data
  • The quality checklist is intended to help verify a required action has taken place or item has been included
32
Q

What is a cause and effect diagram?

A
  • A graphical tool that helps determine the possible root causes of a problem
  • It is also called a fishbone or Ishikawa diagram
33
Q

What does a flowchart show?

A

How a process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths the process can take, and how the process translates inputs into outputs

34
Q

What is a Pareto chart?

A

A histogram that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems

35
Q

What does a scatter diagram show?

A

The relationship between two variables

36
Q

What is a control chart?

A

A specialized trend chart that documents whether a measured process is in or out of statistical control

37
Q

What are control limits?

A

The acceptable range of variation on a control chart

38
Q

What are the specification limits on a control charts?

A

The customer’s definition of acceptable product/service characteristics and tolerances

39
Q

How do we define a process as statistically out of control?

A

A data point falls outside the upper or lower control limit, or there are nonrandom data points

40
Q

What does a process that is statistically out of control mean?

A

There is a lack of consistency and predictability in the process

41
Q

What is the rule of seven?

A

Seven consecutive data points appearing on a control chart on one side of the mean

42
Q

What does the rule of seven signify?

A

The process is out of statistical control.

43
Q

What is an assignable cause/special cause variation?

A

A data point (or set of data points) on a control chart indicates that the measured process is out of statistical control and that the cause(s) of the event must be investigated

44
Q

Define benchmarking.

A

Comparing your project to other projects to get ideas for improvement and to provide a benchmark for measuring quality performance

45
Q

What is design of experiments?

A

A statistical method that allows you to experimentally change all of the important variables in a process to determine what combination will optimize overall quality.

46
Q

What is statistical sampling?

A

Inspecting by testing only part of a population (a statistically valid sample)

47
Q

Define cost-benefit analysis.

A

Comparing the costs of an effort to the benefits of that effort

48
Q

What are some of the tools and techniques used in the Perform Quality Assurance process?

A
  • Plan Quality Management and Control Quality tools and techniques
  • Process analysis
  • Quality audits
  • Affinity diagrams
  • Tree diagrams
  • Process decision program charts
  • Interrelationship digraphs
  • Matrix diagrams
  • Prioritization matrices
  • Activity network diagrams
49
Q

What are quality audits?

A
  • Structured reviews of quality policies, practices, and procedures to ensure they are efficient and effective.
  • These audits often result in lessons learned for the organization

PMP (Rita's Hot Topics) (13 decks)

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