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Microbiology > I - Generalities > Flashcards

I - Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

Cells: DNA within a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Cells: Uses mitotic division

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Cells: DNA associated with histones

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Cells: Has more than one chromosome

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

Cells: Has membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Eukaryotes: Ribosomes

A

40s + 60s = 80s

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7
Q

Cells: DNA within a nucleiod

A

Prokaryotes

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8
Q

Cells: Uses binary fission

A

Prokaryotes

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9
Q

Cells: Has only one chromosome

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Prokaryotes: Ribosomes

A

30s + 50s = 70s

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11
Q

Cell Walls: Plants & Algae

A

cellulose

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12
Q

Cell Walls: Fungi

A

chitin

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13
Q

Cell Walls: Diatoms

A

silica

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14
Q

Cell Walls: Prokaryotes

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

Cell Walls: Archaea

A

pseudopeptidoglycan

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16
Q

Cell Walls: Protozoa & Animals

A

none

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17
Q

An ancestral eukaryotic cell is thought to have engulfed the bacterial ancestor of

A

mitochondria

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18
Q

An early eukaryotic cell, already possessing mitochondria, engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium and retained it in symbiosis resulting in

A

chloroplasts

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19
Q

Microorganisms: Has cells

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa & helminths

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20
Q

Microorganisms: 0.02-0.2 μm

A

viruses

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21
Q

Microorganisms: 1-5 μm

A

bacteria

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22
Q

Microorganisms: 3-10 μm

A

fungi (yeasts)

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23
Q

Microorganisms: 15-25 μm

A

protozoa & helminths (trophozoites)

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24
Q

Microorganisms: Has either DNA or RNA

A

viruses

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25
Q

Microorganisms: Has both DNA & RNA

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa & helminths

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26
Q

Microorganisms: Has no nucleus

A

viruses

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27
Q

Microorganisms: Has prokaryotic nucleoid

A

bacteria

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28
Q

Microorganisms: Has eukaryotic nucleus

A

fungi, protozoa & helminths

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29
Q

Microorganisms: Has no ribosomes

A

viruses

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30
Q

Microorganisms: Has 70s ribosomes

A

bacteria

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31
Q

Microorganisms: Has 80s ribosomes

A

fungi, protozoa & helminths

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32
Q

Microorganisms: Doesn’t have mitochondria

A

viruses, bacteria

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33
Q

Microorganisms: Has mitochondria

A

fungi, protozoa & helminths

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34
Q

Microorganisms: Has a protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope

A

viruses

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35
Q

Microorganisms: Has a rigid wall with peptidoglycans

A

bacteria

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36
Q

Microorganisms: Has a rigid wall with chitin

A

fungi

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37
Q

Microorganisms: Has a flexible membrane

A

protozoa & helminths

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38
Q

Microorganisms: Motile

A

some bacteria, most protozoa & helminths

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39
Q

Microorganisms: Replicates via Binary Fission

A

bacteria

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40
Q

Microorganisms: Replicates via Budding or Mitosis

A

fungi

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41
Q

Microorganisms: Replicates via Mitosis alone

A

protozoa & helminths

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42
Q

Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants, naked RNA, no human diseases

A

viroids

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43
Q

Mobile genetic elements

A

Transposons

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44
Q

DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages

A

“jumping genes” (transposons)

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45
Q

DNA replication followed by insertion of a new copy into another site

A

Replicative Transposition

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46
Q

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserts into the new site

A

Direct Transposition

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47
Q

Prions: Normal form of protein encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA, suceptible to protease and soluble in detergent

A

PrPc

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48
Q

Prions: Abnormal isoform of PrPc which modifies folding of normal prion-like proteins found in the body and has a high beta-sheet content

A

PrPres / PrPsc

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49
Q

Appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform Encephalopathies

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50
Q

Human Prion Diseases

A

Creuzfeld-Jakob (CJD, cortical), Kuru (“k/guria” - to shake, cerebellar), Variant CJD (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker (GSS), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), Sporadic Fatal Insomnia (SFI)

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51
Q

Animal Prion Diseases

A

Scrapie (sheep/goat), Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow), Chronic Wasting Disease (mule/deer/elk)

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52
Q

Prions are _____ to standard viral disinfection procedures and have very long incubation periods as long as ____.

A

impervious, 30 years

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53
Q

Prions: Transmission

A

infected tissue, cuts in skin, transplantation of contaminated tissue (cornea), contaminated medical devices (brain electrodes), ingestion of infected tissue (cannibalism), inherited

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54
Q

Prions: Susceptible Populations

A

women and children of the Fore tribe in New Guinea, neurosurgeons, neurosurgery patients, transplant surgeons, transplant patients

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55
Q

Prions: Spectrum of Disease

A

loss of muscle control → shivering → myoclonic jerks and tremors → loss of coordination → rapidly progressive dementia → death

56
Q

Prions: Treatment

A

none

57
Q

Prions: Prevention

A

cessation of ritual cannibalism, elimination of animal products from livestock feed, disinfection of neurosurgical tools (5% hypochlorite, Na hydroxide, autoclaved at 15psi for 1 hour)

58
Q

Bacteria: Spheres

A

cocci

59
Q

Bacteria: Rods

A

bacilli

60
Q

Bacteria: Spirals

A

spirochetes

61
Q

Cocci: Pairs

A

diplococci

62
Q

Cocci: Chains

A

streptococci

63
Q

Cocci: Clusters

A

staphylococci

64
Q

Smallest Bacteria

A

Mycoplasma

65
Q

Largest Bacteria

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

66
Q

Largest Medically Relevant Bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

67
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except

A

Mycoplasma

68
Q

sugar + peptide side-chains crosslinked by transpeptidase

A

peptidoglycan

69
Q

Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone (β 1→4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNAc) of the peptidoglycan

A

lysozymes

70
Q

Facilitate the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell

A

porin proteins

71
Q

Have thicker and multilayered peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

A

Gram (+)

72
Q

Have thinner and single-layered peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccaride and periplasmic space

A

Gram (-)

73
Q

The outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria contains _____ which consists of _____ and _____.

A

endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), lipid A, O antigen

74
Q

Only gram (+) bacteria with endotoxin

A

Listeria monocytogenes

75
Q

Steps in Gram Staining

A

primary stain (crystal Violet) → mordant (Iodine) → decolorizing agent (Acetone) → counterstain (Safranin)

76
Q

Bacteria not seen in Gram Stain

A

Treponema, Rickettsia, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia

77
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols

A

cytoplasmic membrane

78
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Site of oxidative and transport enzymes

A

cytoplasmic membrane

79
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: RNA and protein in 50s and 30s subunits

A

ribosomes

80
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

81
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: DNA, genetic material

A

nucleoid

82
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Invagination of plasma membrane

A

mesosome

83
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Participates in cell division and secretion

A

mesosome

84
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Space between the plasma membrane and outer membrane

A

periplasm

85
Q

Essential Components of Bacteria: Contains many hydrolytic enzymes including β-lactamases

A

periplasm

86
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Polysaccharide, protects against phagocytosis

A

capsule

87
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Glycoprotein, attachment, conjugation

A

pilus, fimbria

88
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Polysaccharide, mediates adherence to surfaces, biofilm

A

glycocalyx

89
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Protein, motility, H antigen (flagellin protein)

A

flagellum

90
Q

1 Flagellum

A

Monotrichous

91
Q

2 Flagella

A

Amphitrichous

92
Q

Tuft of Flagella

A

Lophotrichous

93
Q

Side Flagella

A

Peritrichous

94
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid, resistance to heat and chemicals

A

spore

95
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: DNA, genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

plasmid

96
Q

Non-Essential Components of Bacteria: Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates, site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

granule

97
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

A

Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

98
Q

The capsule of Bacillus anthracis is composed of

A

polypeptide of D-glutamate

99
Q

Formed by gram (+) rods especially Bacillus and Clostridium

A

spore

100
Q

Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome, can sometimes be integrated into the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmids

101
Q

Plasmids: From cell to cell by conjugation, large, contain about a dozen genes for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the enzymes required for transfer

A

transmissible plasmids

102
Q

Plasmids: Small, do not contain the transfer genes, frequently present in many (10-60) copies per cell

A

non-transmissible plasmids

103
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve: Cells are depleted of metabolites as the result of unfavorable conditions, adaptation to new environment, nutrients are incorporated, vigorous metabolic activity but do not divide (zero growth rate)

A

Phase 1: Lag Phase

104
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve: Rapid cell division occurs, β-lactam antibiotics act during this phase (constant growth rate), continues until either one or more nutrients in the medium become exhausted or toxic metabolites accumulate and inhibit growth

A

Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase

105
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve: Exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely (zero growth rate), spores are formed

A

Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase

106
Q

Bacterial Growth Curve: Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted (negative growth rate)

A

Phase 4: Decline or Death Phase

107
Q

Oxygen metabolism generates toxic products such as

A

superoxide, hydrogen peroxide

108
Q

Enzymes needed to survive in aerobic environments

A

superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase

109
Q

Aerobic Bactera: Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

Obligate Aerobes

110
Q

Aerobic Bactera: Uses fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen (< 0.2 atm) because they have SOD

A

Microaerophiles

111
Q

Anaerobic Bactera: Utilize oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative Anaerobes

112
Q

Anaerobic Bactera: Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

113
Q

Anaerobic Bactera: Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack 3 important enzymes

A

Obligate Anaerobes

114
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Nocardia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordatella, Brucella, Bacillus cereus, Legionella, Leptospira

115
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

116
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Borrelia, Treponema, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Streptococcus

117
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Corynebacterium, Mycoplasma (non-pneumoniae), Staphylococcus

118
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus vaginalis

119
Q

Bacterial genetic material consists of _____ located in the _____.

A

single chromosome of circular DNA, nucleoid

120
Q

Bacteria are _____ while eukaryotic cells are _____.

A

bacteria - haploid, eukaryotes - diploid

121
Q

Bacterial DNA is _____ while human DNA is _____.

A

bacteria - circular, humans - linear

122
Q

Extrachromosomal pieces of DNA encoding both exotoxins and enzymes

A

plasmids

123
Q

DNA that moves readily from one site on the bacterial chromosome to another or from the bacterial chromosome to a plasmid

A

transposons

124
Q

Movement of genes from inactive storage sites into active sites of transcription

A

Programmed Rearrangements

125
Q

Prokaryote DNA transfer from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

126
Q

Prokaryote DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

127
Q

Purified prokaryote/eukaryote DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transfromation

128
Q

Cycles of Transduction

A

Lytic, Lysogenic

129
Q

Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

A

Colonization Resistance

130
Q

Normal Flora: Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

131
Q

Normal Flora: Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus (anterior nares)

132
Q

Normal Flora: Mouth

A

Viridans Streptococci

133
Q

Normal Flora: Dental Plaque

A

Streptococcus mutans

134
Q

Normal Flora: Colon

A

Bacteroides, Escherichia coli

135
Q

Normal Flora: Vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis (Döderlein), Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae

Microbiology (17 decks)

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