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ZGoljan High Yields > Goljan High Yield 36 General EC > Flashcards

Goljan High Yield 36 General EC Flashcards

1
Q

Physiologic effects of hemorrhage

A

drop in diastolic blood pressure, activation of RAA system from decreased renal blood flow and catecholamine stimulation, catecholamine release from the high pressure baroreceptors, increased reabsorption of sodium from the kidneys, release of ANP, release of ADH

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2
Q

Opportunistic infections in AIDS

A 
Pneumocystis
CMV
Cryptococcus
MAI
TB 
Herpes (esophagitis)
Candida (thrush, esophagitis)
Cryptosporidium (acid fast; diarrhea)
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3
Q

Decreased uptake of DOPA and NOR

A

Cocaine

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4
Q

Produces thymidine dimers

A

UVB light

If thymidine dimers not replaced with normal DNA by DNA repair enzymes, may result in cancer

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5
Q

ESR increase with age

A

Probably abnormal and indicates a disease process rather than being an age-related finding

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6
Q

Key elements in wound healing

A

Granulation Tissue and fibronectin

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7
Q

MCC of death in 15-25 age bracket

A

Motor vehicle

Homicide for black male

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8
Q

AR disease with absent DNA repair enzymes and increased incidence of UVB related skin cancer

A

Xeroderma pigmentosum

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9
Q

Inhibited by CO and cyanide

A

Cytochrome oxidase

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10
Q

XR disease with absent NADPH oxidase, absent respiratory burst, cannot kill catalase + S. aureus but can kill catalase negative strep

A

Chonic granulomatous disease

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11
Q

Type of necrosis in acute MI

A

Coagulation necrosis

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12
Q

Cause of atrophy in muslce

A

In a cast

Lack of muscle stimulation

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13
Q

Non-disjunction in somatic cells

A

Mosaicism

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14
Q

Mother gives disease to all her kids but son to none of his kids

A

Mitochondrial inheritance

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15
Q

MC vitamin deficiency in alcoholics

A

folate

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16
Q

MC metal deficiency in alcoholics

A

Magnesium

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17
Q

Vitamin associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Thiamin (required to make ATP)

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18
Q

NADPH oxidase conversion of molecular oxygen into superoxide free radicals. PMNs and monocytes only (no macrophages)

A

Respiratory burst

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19
Q

In Caisson disease, what is decreased when a diver comes up too quickly

A

pressure of N2 in blood since it forms bubbles in the vessels and moves into tissue

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20
Q

DES exposure, vaginal adenosis precursor

A

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

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21
Q

What happens to the other kidney if one is damaged

A

It undergoes hypertrophy

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22
Q

Decreases the levels of vit K dependent factors, increased incidence of hemorrhagic strokes, potentiates the action of warfarin

A

Vit E toxicity

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23
Q

Required for carboxylase reaction in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

Biotin

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24
Q

Involved in transamination reactions involving AST and ALT

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

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25
Q

Functions of ANP

A

opposite of ang-II
(inhibition of ADH release, inhibits ATII effect on stimulating thirst, inhibits aldosterone secretion, inhibits renal reabsorption of Na, and inhibits renin release

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26
Q

Chance of male with CF having a child. What about female?

A

<5% since the vas deferens never fully develop or are atretic

Females with CF can get pregnant but it is difficult owing to the thick cervical mucus

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27
Q

Vitamin supplements in CF

A

all of the fat soluble vitamins (D,A,E,K)

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28
Q

Woman is a pure vegan and is breast feeding her baby and the baby develops anemia

A

B12 deficiency

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29
Q

What does EBV attach to on B cells?

A

CD21

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30
Q

Hypogonadism, mental retardation, and unilateral gynecomastia

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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31
Q

Hypogonadism and color blindness

A

Kallman syndrome (absent GnRH)

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32
Q

Hypogonadism, mental retardation, retinitis pigmentosum

A

Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome

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33
Q

Male with hypogonadism, mental retardation, short stature, and webbed neck

A

Noonan syndrome (similar to Turner’s syndrome)

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34
Q

Hypogonadism and anosmia

A

Kallmann syndrome

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35
Q

Male pseudohermaphrodite with cryptorchidism

A 
testicular feminization (absent androgen receptors 
(sex-linked recessive)

Most common cause of male pseudohermaphroditism

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36
Q

Microdeletion syndrome with hypogonadism, mental retardation, short stature, and obesity

A

Prader-Willi syndrome

Ch 15 deletion is of paternal origin

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37
Q

Patient with neurofibromatosis has severe diastolic hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

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38
Q

Complications of cyclophosphamide

A

hemorrhagic cystitis and transitional carcinoma of the bladder

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39
Q

Decline in deaths due to SIDS

A

Having baby sleep supine
(babies rebreathe their own CO2, those with immature central chemoreceptors do not respond to the respiratory acidosis by moving their heads and die)

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40
Q

Most important risk factor for increased morbidity/mortality in a single 25 year old black male

A

Unprotected sex
(AIDS #1 killer in this age bracket; also applies to women regardless of age, but not white men, where MVAs are #1 killer)

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41
Q

Several employees that work in a car assembly plant present with headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and abdominal cramps

A

Lead poisoning from incineration of batteries; may change history to people making moonshine in an old car radiator

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42
Q

Newborn female presents with edema of the hands and feet and a cystic mass in the neck

A

Turner’s syndrome with a 45 XO karyotype

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43
Q

Compare to mature breast milk, cow’s milk has . . .

A

More vit K, B12, & Casein
Less ascorbic acid

(breast milk has low iron but it is better absorbed; casein is the key protein in cow’s milk, while whey is the primary protein in breast milk)

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44
Q

Vitamin that is absent in colostrum

A

Vit D

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45
Q

Anemia in an infant that develops when switched from cow’s milk to goat’s milk

A

Goat’s milk is low in folate, B6, iron

High in K, Cl, arachidonic acids, and linoleic acids

(when compared to cows milk)

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46
Q

Type of UV light with the greatest potential for producing a corneal burn

A

UVB

B is Bad

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47
Q

Retinal hemorrhages in young children

A

Possible child abuse (shaking syndrome)

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48
Q

Patient is stung by a bee and begins to have respiratory difficulty, flushing, and abdominal cramping. Treatment?

A

Aqueous epinephrine

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49
Q

Multiple wheals that later develop into vesicles and pustules

A

Fire ant bites

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50
Q

Painful bite (carrying some logs from outside, moving boxes in basement) followed by crampy pain in the thighs and abdomen

A

Black widow bite

Treat with muscle relaxant [Ca gluconate], tetanus prophylaxis, antivenin if available in severe case

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51
Q

In southwest, painful sting followed by local itching, paresthesias, N/V, and hypertesion

A

Scorpion bite

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52
Q

Painless bite beginning with a slightly tender red papular lesion on the arm that latter forms a hemorrhagic blister surrounded by purpura

A

Brown recluse spider bite

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53
Q

Extremely pruritic discrete, bright red papules on legs around the waist

A

Chigger bites

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54
Q

Child who ingested 30 adults aspirins will most likely develop

A

increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
(children unlike adults do not commonly develop mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis)

Treatment is to perform gastric lavage and add activated charcoal and to produce an alkaline urine for the increase excretion of the acid

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55
Q

What disease is more likely to infect the fetus after the first trimester

A

Syphilis

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56
Q

Engineer driving a train involved in a crash with an oncoming train was found to have THC metabolites in his urine- why did this occur

A

Delayed reaction time

it also impairs the ability to judge speed and distances

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57
Q

Angiosarcoma of the liver-causes?

A

Vinyl chloride
Arsenic
Thorotrast

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58
Q

Cardiovascular age dependent changes

A

loss of elasticity of aorta

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59
Q

Respiratory age dependent changes

A

obstructive findings

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60
Q

Musculoskeletal age dependent changes

A

Osteoarthritis

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61
Q

CNS age dependent changes

A 
cataracts,
presbycusis (inner ear degeneration)
otosclerosis (conductive hearing loss)
decreased smell and taste
arcus senilis
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62
Q

Immune system age dependent changes

A

Increased CD4
Decreased CD8
Increased autoantibodies
Decreased cellular immunity

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63
Q

Integument age dependent changes

A 
Loss of elasticity
Increased collagen cross bridges
Increased body fat
Ecchymoses from vessel instability 
Decreased skin turgor
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64
Q

Reproductive age dependent changes

A

Breast and vulvovaginal atrophy
decreased serum estrogens and increased gonadotropins

Testicular atrophy with decreased testosterone levels, prostate hyperplasia

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65
Q

Renal age dependent changes

A 
Decrease GFR (40%)
Decreased creatinine clearance (important in dosing drugs to avoid toxicity)
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66
Q

Endocrine age dependent changes

A

Increased carbohydrate intolerance (less insulin receptors from increased adipose)

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67
Q

Target organs for acetaminophen injury

A

liver and kidneys (renal medulla)

Free radical injury

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68
Q

Low AFP

A

Down syndrome

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69
Q

Block phospholipase A2 hence decreasing prostaglandin and leukotriene production
Decrease leukocyte adhesion (increase PMNs, decrease lymphocytes and eosinophils)

A

Corticosteroids

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70
Q

Tumor marker that is a gene product (oncofetal antigen). Hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors, )yolk sac or endodermal sinus tumors of testicle or ovary). Testicular/ovarian cancer.

A

AFP

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71
Q

Tumor marker that is an enzyme. Hepatocellular carcinoma, yolk sac or endodermal sinus tumors of testicle or ovary

A

AAT

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72
Q

Tumor marker that is a hormone. Trophoblastic tumor in germ cell tumors of ovary/testis and placenta (benign=hyatidiform mole) (malignant=choriocarcinoma)

A

b-HCG

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73
Q

Tumor marker that is a protein. Small cell carcinoma of the lung, neuroblastoma

A

Bombesin

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74
Q

Tumor marker that is a protein. Multiple myeloma (excellent prognostic factor). Light chains in urine (Bence Jones protein)

A

B2-microglobulin

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75
Q

Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in breast cancer

A

CA 15-3

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76
Q

Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in pancreatic cancer (excellent marker)

A

CA 19-9

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77
Q

Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein (cancer antigen) in surface derived ovarian cancer

A

CA 125

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78
Q

Tumor marker that is a gene product (oncofetal antigen) in colorectal, pancreatic, breast, and SCC of the lung.

A

CEA

Bad prognostic sign if elevated preoperatively (greater incidence of undetected metastases)

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79
Q

Tumor marker that is an enzyme in Hodgkin’s disease (non-specific tumor marker in general)

A

LDH

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80
Q

Tumor marker that is an enzyme in SCC of the lung, and neuroblastoma

A

NSE (neuron specific enolase)

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81
Q

Tumor marker that is a glycoprotein in prostate adenocarcinoma.

A

PSA

Excellent sensitivity but poor specificity (increased in prostate hyperplasia)

Excellent indicator of tumor burden.

Not increased after rectal exam

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82
Q

Virus associated with adults T cell leukemia/lymphoma

A

HTLV-1 (RNA)

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83
Q

Virus associated with hairy cell leukemia

A

HTLV-2 (RNA)

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84
Q

RNA virus associated with CNS malignant lymphoma

A

HIV

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85
Q

RNA virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

A

HCV

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86
Q

Virus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

A

HBV

aflatoxin B a cocarcinogen

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87
Q

DNA virus associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and polyclonal malignant lymphoma

A

EBV

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88
Q

DNA virus associated with SCC of the cervix, vagina, vulva, and anus in homosexuals. Laryngeal papillomas (may progress to cancer)

A

HPV (16&18)

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89
Q

DNA virus associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

HSV-8

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90
Q

EM of zebra bodies in lysosomes in Niemann Pick disease

A

look like lamellar bodies in type II pneumocytes

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91
Q

Enamel injury in young woman

A

bulimia
Metabolic alkalosis from vomiting
Boerhaave’s syndrome

92
Q

Secondary amenorrhea

A

Anorexia nervosa

Decreased GnRH and gonadotropins

93
Q

Decreased protein intake but normal total caloric intake (all carbs).

A

Kwashiorkor

Fatty liver from decreased apolipoproteins, pitting edema, flaky paint dermatitis, “flag sign” in hair

94
Q

Decreased total caloric intake. Loss of muscle mass

A

Marasmus

95
Q

Squamous metaplasia in eyes, broncus, nyctalopia

A

Vit A deficiency

96
Q

Increased intracranial pressure, hypercalcemia

A

Vit A deficiency

97
Q

Yellow but sclera white

A

beta-carotenemia

*can be primary hypothyroidism from decreased conversion of B-carotenes into retinoic acid in the intestine (thyroxine is a cofactor)

98
Q

Rickets vs osteomalacia

A

Craniotabes and rachitic rosary in rickets (not osteomalacia)

Both have increased unmineralized osteoid

99
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction; hemolytic anemia

A

Vit E deficiency

100
Q

Vit E toxicity

A

interferes with vit. K dependent factors leading to hemorrhagic diathesis (synergistic w/ warfarin)

101
Q

Gums bleed when brushing teeth, glossitis, perifollicular hemorrhages, “tea and toast diet”

A

Vit. C deficiency

102
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

alcohol abuse MCC
Important biochemical reactions (need to make ATP): pyruvate dehydrogenase, transketolase, ketoglutarate, dehydrogenase

Ring hemorrhages in mamillary bodies and periventricular area

High output cardiac failure, congestive cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy

103
Q

Confusion, ataxia, nystagmus

A

Wernicke (thiamin deficiency)

104
Q

Antegrade and retrograde memory deficits

A

Korsakoff (thiamin deficiency)

105
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Important biochemical reactions: NAD/NADH, NADP/NADPH

Pellagra

Tryptophan can be used to synthesize niacin (tryptophan decreased in Hartnup’s, carcinoid syndrome [converted to serotonin])

106
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A

Important biochemical reactions: FMN and FAD

Synthesis of glutathione

Magenta tongue, neovascularization of cornea, angular stomatits

107
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency

A

INH MCC

Transaminase (heme synthesis)

Sideroblastic anemia w/ ringed sideroblasts, neurotransmitter synthesis

absent in goats milk

108
Q

Important in fatty acid synthase complex (co-enzyme reactions)

A

Pantothenic acid

109
Q

Biotin deficiency

A

Required for carboxylation reactions (ie gluconeogenesis)

avidin in raw eggs binds

causes alopecia

110
Q

Chromium (functions and disorders)

A

part of the glucose tolerance factor which potentiates insulin activity

Deficiency associated with glucose intolerance and peripheral neuropathy

111
Q

Copper Functions

A

Cofactor in many enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions Lysyl oxidase-collagen cross links
Superoxide dismutase-
Ferroxidase- converts Fe2+ to Fe3+ so it can bind transferrin
Tyrosinase-conversion of tyrosine to DOPA

112
Q

Copper deficiency clinical disorders

A

Deficiency associated with
Microcytic hypochromic anemia (cannot bind transferrin)
Skeletal abnormalities (defective collagen)
Osteoporosis
Skin depigmentation (problem with tyrosinase)
Dissecting aortic aneurysms (defective collagen and elastic tissue)
Mencke’s kinky hair syndrome (impaired utilization of copper)

113
Q

Copper toxicity

A

Wilson’s disease

AR w/ defect in excretion of copper into bile. It leads to liver damage and eventual deposition of free copper into the eye (Kayer-Fleischer ring) and lenticular nuclei in the brain. Total copper levels are decreased owing to a decrease in ceruloplasmin synthesis by the damaged liver, but free copper levels are increased

114
Q

Selenium functions

A

Functions in the metalloenzyme GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which is an anti-oxidant that destroys peroxides in the cytosol. It neutralizes peroxides in the cytosol, while vitamin E prevents peroxide formation in the membranes of cells. It inhibits DNA synthesis and stimulates the immune system.

It is also an enzyme
cofactor in the peripheral conversion of T4 into T3

115
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Muscle pain
Weakness
Cardiomyopathy

116
Q

Zinc function

A 
Cofactor in
Superoxide dismutase
Carbonic anhydrase
Alkaline phosphatase
Collagenases
Polymerases
Thymidine kinase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
117
Q

Zinc deficiency

A 
Growth retardation
Hypogonadism and infertility
Dysgeusia (decreased taste)
Rash around eyes and mouth
Impaired wound healing
Impaired cellular immunity
Deficiency is common in diabetics, alcoholics, and cirrhosis
118
Q

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

A

Recessive disease characterized by decreased intestinal absorption of zinc

119
Q

Goat’s milk

A

vit B6 (pyridoxine) and folate deficiency

120
Q

Functions of Vit. C

A

Reduce dietary iron from ferric to ferrous for reabsorption
Hydroxylation of proline and lysine (binding site for cross-bridges)
Prevents nitrosamination
Reduces metHb

121
Q

Cyanosis not relieved by oxygen in a patient coming home from a camping trip

A

methemoglobinemia (water has nitrites that oxidized iron to ferric condition)

SaO2 not PaO2 is decreased

Methylene blue treatment of choice (ascorbic acid ancillary role)

122
Q

HbF

A

left shifts Hb ODC, protects newborns with sickle cell disease and severe beta-thalassemia, increased with hydroxyurea, resistant to alkali/acid denaturation

123
Q

Raising the upper limit of normal of a test

A

Increases specificity and positive predictive value (decreases sensitivity and predictive value of a negative test result)

124
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of people with disease in the population studied

=Incidence * duration of disease

125
Q

What part of adrenal cortex is atrophies in a patient on corticosteroids?

A

Fasciculata and reticularis

not glomerulosa

126
Q

Apoptosis

A

individual cell necrosis
Normal involution of structures (atrophy, thymus)
Programmed cell death
Loss of Mullerian structures in males and Wolffian in females
Councilman (acidophilic) bodies
Psammoma bodies
Mechanism of atresia in the bowel (no lumen)

127
Q

Hypercalcemia as paraneoplastic syndrome

A

PTHrP from SCC of lung or renal adenocarcinoma

128
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A 
Insulin resistance 
Stomach cancer (visceral malignancy)
129
Q

Eaton-Lambert syndrome (Myasthenia-like)

A

Small cell carcinoma

130
Q

Polymyositis paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Lung cancer

131
Q

Oncogenesis in HPV

A

gene products E6 inhibits p53and E7 inhibits Rb

132
Q

Metalloenzyme that aids tumor invasion of tissue

A

Type IV collagenase with Zinc cofactor

133
Q

Smoker with history of peptic ulcer disease . . . advice?

A

Stop smoking

134
Q

Normal karyotype in a child with Down syndrome

A

probable translocation w/ chromosome 21 sitting on top of ch 14

or acrocentric Robertsonian translocation of Ch 21

135
Q

Sepsis in an elderly man with BPH

A

E. coli and can produce endotoxic shock

(warm shock due to activation of complement system and release of anaphylatoxins + release of NO from damaged endothelial cells)

136
Q

DNA repair defects

A

Fanconi’s anemia (cross-linking agents)

137
Q

Effect of barbiturates and other drugs that enhance P450s

A

decrease heme and increased activity of ALA synthase (rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis)

Dangerous in precipitating porphyric attacks

138
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

did chromosome come from mother or father (ie Ch 15 microdeletion syndromes - Prader Willi and Angelman)

139
Q

Normal changes in pregnancy

A

Greater increase in PV than RBC mass leading to decreased Hb
Increased:
GFR
CCr
Alkaline phosphatase
Decreased BUN, creatinine, and uric acid
Respiratory alkalosis from progesterone effect
Increased T4 and cortisol from increased synthesis of their binding proteins (free hormone normal)

140
Q

Main difference in adult male and female labs

A

iron studies all lower in females

141
Q

Increased alkaline phosphatase (osteoblasts from bone growth) and phosphate. Slight decrease in Hb

A

Children

142
Q

Analytes increased with hemolyzed blood sample

A

LDH

K

143
Q

Lipid most affected by fasting

A

TG component coming from chylomicrons

CH and HDL not affected

144
Q

Enhance cytochrome system in the SER of the liver

A

Alcohol
Barbiturates

Increase in serum GGT
Decreased drug levels from increased metabolism

145
Q

inhibit cytochrome system

A

H2 blockers, proton blockers, danger of drug toxicity

146
Q

First sign of tissue hypoxia

A

Swelling of cell from inactiva Na/K ATPase

147
Q

Examples of growth alterations

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia 
Dysplasia
148
Q

Examples of cell accumulations

A 
Melanin
Fe
Ca (dystrophic, metastatic)
Glycogen
Bilirubin products
149
Q

Free radicals

A 
Superoxide
OH'
Peroxide
Acetaminophen
Fe increases formation via Fenton reaction
150
Q

Types of cell necrosis

A

Coagulation (infarction-exception CNS)
Liquefactive (infections, brain infarct)
Caseous (TB, fungi)
Enzymatic fat necrosis (acute pancreatitis)
Fibrinoid (immunologic injury:small vessel vasculitis, vegetations in RHD and Libman Sacks)
Gummatous (tertiary syphilis)

151
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation

A 
Histamine
C3a C3b C5a
LTB4
LTC-D-E4
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
152
Q

Factors increasing and decreasing adhesion molecule synthesis

A 
Increase: 
C5a
LTB4
Endotoxins
IL-1
TNF

Decrease:
Catecholamines
Corticosteroids
Lithium

153
Q

Circumscribed red lesion containing multinucleated giant cells

A

Granuloma

Type IV hypersensitivity

Macrophages when activates become epitheloid cells and fuse into multinucleated giant cells

154
Q

Key factors in wound healing

A

Fibronectin and granulation tissue

155
Q

MCC of delayed wound healing

A

Infection

156
Q

Suppurative inflammation

A

abscess (s. aureus)

157
Q

Cellulitis inflammation

A

strep pyogenes

158
Q

Granulomatous inflammation cause

A

TB/systemic fungi

159
Q

Pseudomembranous inflammation causes

A

diphtheria

C. dif

160
Q

Fibrinous inflammation example

A

pericarditis

161
Q

Serous inflammation example

A

blister

162
Q

p53 tumor suppressor gene (cancer and chromosome)

A

Most cancers

chromosome 17

163
Q

APC tumor suppressor gene (cancer and chromosome)

A

Familial polyposis

Chromosome 5

164
Q

BRCA-1 tumor suppressor gene (cancer and chromosome)

A

Breast/ovarian cancer

Chromosome 17

165
Q

BRCA-2 tumor suppressor gene (cancer and chromosome)

A

Breast cancer

Chromosome 13

166
Q

Rb tumor suppressor gene (cancer and chromosome)

A

Retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
Chromosome 13

167
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

SXR disease
MC genetic cause of mental retardation in males (Down’s most common overall)
Triplet repeat
Macroorchidism at puberty

168
Q

Cri-du-chat

A

Deletion of short arm of Chr5
Mental retardation
Cry like a cat
Relation with VSD

169
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A 
AD
Fibrillin defect in elastic tissue
Mitral valve prolapse w/ sudden death
Aortic dissection MCC of death
Dislocated lens
170
Q

Brain tumors, meningioma, acoustic neuroma,

Also pheochromocytoma, cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules (hamartomas on iris)

A

Neurofibromatosis (AD)

171
Q

Cerebellar hemangioblastomas
Pheochromocytoma
Renal adenocarcinoma

A

Von Hippel Lindau (AD)

172
Q

Most common teratogen

A

Alcohol

173
Q

Oncogene relationship erb-B2/HER2

A

codes for a growth factor receptor

Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Colon cancer

174
Q

Oncogene relationship ras

A

codes for membrane associated G proteins that transduce signals received from growth factor receptors to the phosphatidyl inostitol second messenger system.

30% of all cancer

175
Q

Oncogene relationship abl

A

produces non-receptor proteins located on the inner cell membrane surface

176
Q

Oncogene relationship t(9:22)

A

leads to CML

177
Q

Oncogene relationship c-myc

A

located in the nucleus and produce protein products that activate nuclear transcription

178
Q

Oncogene relationship t(8:14)

A

translocation leading to Burkitt’s lymphoma

179
Q

Oncogene relationship N-myc

A

Neuroblastoma

180
Q

Oncogene relationship ret

A

MEN IIa/IIIb

181
Q

Oncogene relationship bcl-2

A

t(14:18)

leads to inactivation of apoptosis gene on B cells leading to immortal cell and follicular B cell lymphoma

182
Q

Grade of cancer

A

Well differentiated if you can tell what its origin is

Poorly differentiated if you cannot tell tissue of origin

183
Q

Stage of caner

A

T=Tumor size
N=Nodal involvement
M=Metastasis

more important than grade

184
Q

Squamous, adeno, or transitional tumor nomenclature

A

carcinoma

185
Q

mesenchymal tumor nomenclature

A

sarcoma

186
Q

Hamartoma

A

non-neoplastic proliferation of cells where they belong

bronchial hamartoma, PJ polyp, hyperplastic polyp

187
Q

Choristoma

A

non-neoplastic normal tissue where it normally isn’t (ie pancreatic tissue in stomach)

188
Q

Mixed tumor

A

2 tissues from same cell layer (ie parotid salivary gland tumor)

189
Q

Teratoma

A

Tissues from all cell layers

190
Q

Increased AG metabolic acidosis

A

AG=Na-(Cl+HCO3)
(12 is normal)
adding an acid and the anion of the acid replaces the bicarb used to buffer the H+ (ie lactate, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, phosphate/sulfate [renal failure], salicylate, formate [methanol poisoning], oxalate [ethylene glycol poisoning], acetate)

191
Q

Normal AG metabolic acidosis

A

Losing bicarb and bicarb is replaced by an equal number of Cl anions

192
Q

Acute transplant rejection

A

within 3 months

predominantly cellular immune reaction (type IV CD8)

193
Q

Carcinogens causing transitional cell carcinoma of bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis

A

Aniline dyes
Benzidine
Cyclophosphamide
Phenacetin

194
Q

Carcinogen causing angiosarcoma of the liver

A

Vinyl chloride

195
Q

Carcinogen causing small cell carcinoma of the lung, squamous cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, larynx, lung, and cervix. And Transitional carcinoma of bladder and adenocarcinoma of pancreas

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons
(tobacco smoke)

Alcohol is a cocarcinogen for oral, esophageal and laryngeal cancers

196
Q

Carcinogens causing lung cancerq

A 
Chromium
Uranium (radon gas)
197
Q

Carcinogen causing lung and nasal cavity cancer

A

Nickel

198
Q

Carcinogen causing nasal cavity cancer

A

Woodworking

199
Q

Carcinogen causing angiosarcoma of liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Thorotrast

200
Q

Carcinogen causing angiosarcoma of liver, squamous carcinoma of skin, and lung cancer

A

Arsenic

201
Q

Carcinogen causing liver cell adenomas, hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Oral contraceptives

202
Q

Carcinogen causing hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Aflatoxins

Aspergillus : cocarcinogen with HBV

203
Q

Carcinogen causing prostate cancer and lung cancer

A

Cadmium

204
Q

Carcinogen causing verrucous carcinoma in mouth

A

Chewing tobacco

205
Q

Carcinogen causing acute leukemia and malignant lymphoma

A

Alkylating agents

206
Q

Carcinogen causing acute leukemia

A

Benzene

207
Q

Carcinogen causing clear cell adenocarcinoma of cervix and vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

208
Q

Carcinogen causing Esophageal and gastric cancers

A

Nitrosamines

inhibited by ascorbic acid and refrigeration

209
Q

Carcinogen causing squamous carcinoma of the skin (scrotum in chimney sweeps)

A

Tars, soots, oils

210
Q

Increased in acute/chronic inflammation and monoclonal gammopathies. Best initial screen for temporal arteritis, zero in HbSS disease and polycythemias

A

ESR

211
Q

Lymph node most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from breast

MC primary NHL

212
Q

Lung most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from breast

MC primary adenocarcinoma

213
Q

Bone most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from breast

MC primary Multiple myeloma

214
Q

Liver most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from lung

MC primary hepatocellular carcinoma

215
Q

Adrenal most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from lung

MC primary adenocarcinoma

216
Q

Brain most common metastasis and primary tumor

A

MC metastasis from lung

MC primary glioblastoma multiforme

217
Q

Have synergistic effect on producing cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, and larynx

A

Smoking + alcohol

218
Q

Birth control pills protect against

A

Gonorrhea

not chlamydia or ovarian cancer

219
Q

CO poisoning

A

necrosis of the globus pallidus
Parkinson’s; SaO2 decreased, PaO2 normal
L shift ODC
inhibit cytochrome oxidase

220
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

increase PaCO2, decrease PaO2 and SaO2

221
Q

Normal PaO2 and SaO2 but decreased Hb

A

Anemia

222
Q

Normal serum calcium/phosphate but deposits of calcium into damaged tissue, atherosclerotic plaques enzymatic fat necrosis, perivascular calcification in CMV

A

Dystrophic calcification

223
Q

Increased serum calcium and/or phosphate with deposition of Ca in normal tissue.

A

Metastatic calcification

nephrocalcinosis in primary hyperparathyroidism, calcification of basal ganglia in primary hypoparathyroidism

224
Q

Contain stem cells. Examples are bone marrow stem cells, stratum basalis of skin, and base of intestinal glands

A

Labile cells

225
Q

Cells in Go phase and must be stimulated to go into G1 phase

A

Stable cells

Most parenchymal cells in organs, smooth muscle, and neuroglial cells

226
Q

Cannot enter the cell cycle.

A

Permanent cells

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and neurons

227
Q

Most common bone metastasized to

A

Vertebra

Due to Batson vertebral plexus which communicates with the vena cava

ZGoljan High Yields (5 decks)

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