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A&P Spring '14 Test 2 > Lecture 15 3/18/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 3/18/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

work much like circular system. Capillaries drain into much larger lymphatic vessels which drain into the venous system.

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2
Q

Lymph

A

fluid resembling plasma

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3
Q

Lymphatic Organ

A

contains a large number of lymphocytes. Lymphatic organ is spleen, thymus, tonsils.

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4
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

bean shaped structures located along the lymphatic vessels. Filters fluids.

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5
Q

Lymphatic Flow

A

Components of plasma from blood capillaries enter into the interstitial spaces. The fluid is now called interstitial tissue fluid. -> This fluid now enters small lymphatic channels and is called lymph -> then travels to lymph nodes -> then to larger lymphatic vessels.

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6
Q

Lower Body Drainage

A

Into the cisterna chyli - a expanded lymph chamber located in front of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. Consider it like a cul de sac.

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7
Q

Flow for the Thoracic Duct

A

Thoracic duct will bring everything from the lower extremity, it will drain everything below the diaphragm from both sides. Everything from the left chest cavity, arm, neck, head, drain into the thoracic duct will then drain into the left subclavian vein.

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8
Q

Movement of the Body and Respiration causes what?

A

cause the fluid to be pumped back up into the subclavian vein. Breathing in and out, helps increase and decrease thoracic pressure to help the fluid back up to the left subclavian vein.

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9
Q

Right Side Lymphatic Duct

A

Above the diaphragm. Right Thoracic Cage. Controls lymphatic drainage to the right side head, neck, chest, upper extremity. Drains this fluid into the right subclavian vein.

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10
Q

Lymph Node Structure

A

fluid flows from up above. Called afferent lymphatic vessels entering the node. Efferent vessels leaving the node. Can only go in one direction. Trabecula or dividers to go through to enter the center and exit the other side. So the inflow goes through and get filtered before going into the terminal.

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11
Q

Hilum

A

Where everything exits out of the liver

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12
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A

Spleen

Thymus Gland

Tonsils

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13
Q

Spleen Description

A

size of your fist. Upper Left Cavity. Largest mass of lymphatic tissue. If your spleen is gone, the liver takes over the spleen’s job.

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14
Q

White Pulp

A

lymphoid tissue, surrounded by arteries. These clusters of lymphocytes are called splenic modules or malpighian corpuscles where we have a large amount of White Blood Cell concentration.

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15
Q

Red Pulp

A

venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of splenic tissue, called Splenic or billroth cords. They are around the perimeter. Tissue is more uniform in color and texture. Fills in remaining area around the white pulp. Have lots of Red Blood Cell concentration.

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16
Q

Spleen Function

A

Phagocytic. Lots of White Blood cells that mature in the spleen. Important in Proper Immune System Function and Development. Properly identifying self and foreign. Involved in breaking down red blood cells and platelets. Also produces plasma cells and involved in maturation of lymphocytes. Also release blood into Cardiovascular System during periods of low blood volume.

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17
Q

Thymus Gland

A

involved in maturation of immature T cells from the bone marrow. Immunocompetent tissue. Shrinks when we get older. Fewer antigens. Mature in Thymus.

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18
Q

Location of Thymus Gland

A

Inferior and Superior to Heart

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19
Q

Tonsils

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue embedded in mucous membrane. Contain macrophages that clean up bacteria and foreign debris. Part of the immune system.

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20
Q

Pharyngeal

A

adenoids in nasopharynx. Above palate. Can be removed. Back of nasal cavity to breathe air in.

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21
Q

Palantine

A

between palatine arches. Part of Immune system. Will not see the adenoids. Can also be removed. Back of the mouth to bring in food and water.

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22
Q

Lingual

A

at base of tongue. Never remove and never gets enlarged. Secondary, assist the palatine tonsils.

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23
Q

Active Immunity

A

occurs after exposure to an antigen. Vaccination is a form of active immunity. Attenuated vaccinations.

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24
Q

Passive Immunity

A

transferred antibodies to another person. Getting something from somebody else. Breast Feeding is an example. Boost baby’s immune system. Rhogam is another example.

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25
Q

Non Specific Diseases

A

Physical Barriers

Phagocytic Cells

NK Cells

Interferon

Compliment System

Fever

Inflammation

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26
Q

Physical Barriers

A

Infection with burn patients. Skin, mucus membranes provide a potent powerful barrier that’s inside us and outside us.

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27
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A

Remove cellular debris.

28
Q

Phagocytic Microphages

A

Neutrophils are the first line of defense. Don’t last that long in the human body. Neutrophils and Eosinophils.

29
Q

Phagocytic Macrophages

A

Monocytes. Monocytes is a large cell flowing through the blood stream. Like a shark.

30
Q

Fixed Macrophages

A

Permanently fixed in their tissue. Microglia engulf antigen presenting cells. T helper cells grab them and present them. Microglia is found in the brain. Kuppfer are found in the kidney. They don’t move. Like an eel.

31
Q

Free Macrophage

A

Roam anywhere in circulation.

32
Q

Characteristics of Macrophages

A

Diapedsis

Chemotaxis

33
Q

Diapedsis

A

squeeze through endothelium

34
Q

Chemotaxis

A

attracted to tissue via chemicals released from that inflamed tissue.

35
Q

NK Cells

A

Natural Killer Cells

large granulocytic lymphocytes. Part of the lymphocytic cell line. bind to abnormal cells/bacteria and release perforin. Perforin punches holes in the bacteria and the cell wall can’t maintain osmolarity and dies. From the golgi apparatus that punches holes in the foreign cells causing lysis.

36
Q

Interferon

A

proteins released by cells infected with viruses. It prevents infection of surrounding healthy cells. Binds with receptors on normal cells causing AntiViral protection. Prevents viral replication in healthy cells.

Non specific. Ramps down protein synthesis which would help inhibit viral replication in those surrounding cells. ISG’s, Interferon Stimulating Genes are vitally important to surrounding cells to shutdown protein synthesis for awhile, to prevent that virus from coming in and virally replicating around healthy cells.

37
Q

Hep C

A

is blood born and maybe sexually transmitted. Can live in body for about 15-20 years. Liver is already shot when you find out, and you could die or get a kidney transplant.

38
Q

Compliment System

A

a chain reaction with 11 proteins that help attack and destroy invading microbes (antigenic substances)

39
Q

Classic Pathway of Compliment Activation

A

the first compliment protein attaches to an antigen complex to initiate a process that causes four things.

1) Attraction of Phagocytes
2) Promotion of Inflammation
3) Directly destroys target cells
4) Enhances Phagocytosis through opsonization

40
Q

Promotion of Inflammation

A

causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine, increasing circulation to affected tissue.

41
Q

Directly destroys target cells

A

directly through lysis. Perforin - NK Cells.

42
Q

Enhances Phagocytosis through Opsonization

A

A process by which the compliment makes a cell easier to engulf.

43
Q

Fever

A

High body temps. Inhibit some bacterial and viral replication.

Causes the disease process to run its course much faster

44
Q

Inflammation

A

Caused by the release of histamine, seratonin and heparin

From mast cells and basophils

Increases circulation to tissue to allow immune response to arrive quickly to affected tissue

45
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Controlled by Lymphocytes

Cellular Immunity

Humoral Immunity

46
Q

Specific Immunity Function

A

Destruction or inactivation of pathogens, abnormal cells, and foreign molecules

47
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

Direct attach on foreign material by activating T Lymphocytes

48
Q

NEED TO EDIT Humoral Immunity

A

attack by circulating antibodies released by activated B Lymphocytes

Plasma cells

49
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

T Cell

T Cell in Lymphoid Tissue ->

Sensitized T Cell -> Memory T Cell and Cytotoxic (Killer) T Cell.

50
Q

T Helper Cell

A

Secrete Cytokines

51
Q

Functions of T Helper Cell

A

Accelerate Killer T Cell Maturation

Activate NK Cell

Promote antibody production and B Cell Division (Affected by HIV)

52
Q

Memory T Cell

A

Stay in lymphoid tissue and recognizes same invader later on

53
Q

Cytotoxic Killer T-Cell

A

Migrate to injury site

54
Q

3 Functions of Cytotoxic T Cell

A

Secrete Macrophage, Chemotaxic factor

Secrete sensitization factor - sensitize more T Cells

Attach to Antigen and destroy them - w/ Cytotoxic substance called Lymphotoxin

55
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B Cells

56
Q

Flow of Humoral Immunity

A

B Cell in Lymphoid Tissue -> Sensitized B Cell -> Memory Cells and Plasma Cells from B Cell clones

57
Q

Plasma Secrete What?

A

Antibodies

58
Q

Antigen Antibody Complex

A

Activates Complement.

Inflammation - Release Histamines

Chemotaxic Factor

Oponization Increase, increases Phagocytosis

Destroy Cell - released Lysing Materials

59
Q

Antibodies AKA Immunoglobins

A

Produced by the Plasma cells in the presence of specific antigens

60
Q

IgG

A

80%, most common, resist against bacteria, toxins, etc.

61
Q

IgE

A

Work in allergic reactions, works with the mast cells and basophils. Works with mast cells and basophils to release histamine

62
Q

IgD

A

Helps B Cells bind to antigen

63
Q

IgM

A

Use in agglutination of crossed typed blood

64
Q

IgA

A

Activates pathogens before entrance to body

65
Q

The Respiratory System

A

Organs involved in the function of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and blood.

Include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs

A&P Spring '14 Test 2 (7 decks)

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