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A&P 2 (AC) > Week Six: Sense Organs > Flashcards

Week Six: Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of mechanical stimuli?

A

Touch, hearing, balance

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2
Q

What are some examples of thermal stimuli?

A

Hot and cold

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3
Q

What are some examples of electromagnetic stimuli?

A

Vision

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4
Q

What are some examples of chemical stimuli?

A

Taste and smell

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5
Q

What are visceral sensations?

A

Sensations of hunger and thirst

Also include visceral stretch receptors in GI tract and urinary system

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6
Q

What is tactile sense?

A

Sensation of something being in contact with the surface of the body

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7
Q

What is the definition of pressure?

A

Sensation of something pressing on the body surface

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8
Q

What are superficial temperature receptors?

A

Detect upward or downward changes in skin temperatures

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9
Q

What are central temperature receptors?

A

(In hypothalamus)

Monitor the temperature of the blood

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10
Q

_____ can activate mechanisms (like sweating, piloerection) to correct hypothermia or hyperthermia

A

CNS

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11
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Pain receptors

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12
Q

Pain receptors are not present in the…

A

Brain

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13
Q

Pain receptors detect what?

A

Mechanical forces, temperature, ect.

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14
Q

What does transduction mean?

A

Conversion of painful stimulus into nerve impulse

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15
Q

What does transmission mean?

A

Conduction of nerve impulse to the spinal cord

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16
Q

What is modulation?

A

Changes the sensory nerve impulse

Can amplify or suppress sensory impulses

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17
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness of painful stimuli

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18
Q

Where does modulation usually occur?

A

Spinal cord

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19
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sense of body position and movements

Drunk driving test

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20
Q

What are the chemical receptors called in the oral cavity?

A

Taste buds

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21
Q

What is papillae?

A

Small elevated structures on the tongue

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22
Q

Why is the external ear important?

A

Acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum

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23
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Amplifies and transmits the vibrationsfrom the eardrum to the inner ear

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24
Q

Describe the inner ear?

A

Contains the sensory receptors that conver the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses, along with receptors for the equilibrium sense

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25
Q

What is the pinna?

A

Elastic cartilage and skin

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26
Q

What is the external auditory canal?

A

Membrane-lined tube

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27
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Sound wave vibrations strike this and cause it to vibrate

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28
Q

Three ossicles (small bones) link the ______ with the cochlea of the inner ear

A

Tympanic membrane

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29
Q

______ ______ connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx

A

Eustachian tube

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30
Q

What is the malleus?

A

Outermost bone, attached to tympanic membrane

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31
Q

What is the incus?

A

Middle bone

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32
Q

What is the stapes?

A

Medial-most bone; attached to membrane that covers the oval window of the cochlea

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33
Q

What are the middle ear ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

34
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Shell-shaped spiral cavity in the temporal bone

35
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Fluid-filled portion that makes up the receptor organ of hearing

Consists of hair cells, supporting cells, and tectorial membrane

36
Q

Where is the organ of corti?

A

Runs along the cochlear duct on the basilar membrane

37
Q

What causes the tympanic membrane and ossicles in the middle ear to vibrate?

A

Sound wave vibrations

38
Q

What causes the cochlear duct to move?

A

Fluid vibration

39
Q

What is the mechanical sense of the equilibrium?

A

Helps maintain balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the head

40
Q

Where are the receptors of the equilibrium located?

A

In the vestibule and semicircular canals in the inner ear

41
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

Between the cochlea and semicircular canals

42
Q

What is the vestibule composed of?

A

Utricle and saccule

43
Q

_____ causes otoliths and the gelatinous matrix to put pressure on the hairs

A

Gravity

44
Q

What generates nerve impulses that give the brain information about position of the head?

A

Vestibule

45
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Enlarged area near the utricle end of each semicircular canal

46
Q

What is the crista ampullaris?

A

Receptor within ampulla

47
Q

What generates nerve impulses that give the brain information about motion of the head?

A

Semicircular canals

48
Q

Most components of the eye function to help form an accurate visual image, not ________ it.

A

Detect

49
Q

What detects the image and generate visual nerve impulses?

A

Photoreceptors in the retina

50
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A

Outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layre, and inner nervous layer

51
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent; admits light to interior of the eye

Arrangement of collagen fibers, no blood vessels

52
Q

What is the sclera?

A

“white” of eye

Dense fibrous connective tissue

53
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Junction of the cornea and the sclera

54
Q

What type of tissue is in the cornea?

A

Modified epithelial tissue

55
Q

What is choroid?

A

Between the sclera and the retina

Pigment and bloodvessels

56
Q

In most animals, choroid forms the ______ which is a highly reflective area in the rear of the eye

A

Tapetum

better for night vision

57
Q

What is the iris?

A

Pigmented muscular diaphragm

Controls amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eyeball

58
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Opening at center of iris

59
Q

The iris is involuntary except in…

A

Reptiles

60
Q

What is cilliary body?

A

Ring-shaped structure behind the iris

Muscles that adjust shape of the lens to allow near and far vision

61
Q

What is the retina?

A

Lines the back of the eye
Contains sensory receptors for vision
Contains rods and cones

62
Q

What is the aqueous compartment?

A

Contains a clear watery fluid (aqueous humor)

Produced in the posterior chamber by cells of the cillary body

63
Q

What is the vitreous compartment?

A

Contains a clear gelatinous fluid called vitreous humor

64
Q

______ _____ fills the whole back of the eyeball behind the lens and cillary body

A

Vitreous humor

65
Q

What is the lens?

A

Front surface is in contact with aqueous humor; back surface is in contact with vitreous humor
Helps focus a clear image on the retina

66
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Process by which the shape of the lens is changed to allow close up and sitant vision

67
Q

Relaxation of cilliary muscles causes tension on ________ ligaments; flattens the lens

A

Suspensory

68
Q

Contraction of ______ muscles releases tensions on the suspensory ligaments

A

Ciliary muscles

69
Q

Layers of the retina:

A 
Pigment layer
Photoreceptor layer
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer
Layer of nerve fibers
70
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Site where nerve fibers on the inside surface of the retina converge and leave the eye to form the optic nerve

71
Q

What are photoreceptor cells?

A

Neurons with modified dendrites

72
Q

What are rods?

A

More sensitive to light

73
Q

What are cones?

A

More sensitive to color and detail

74
Q

What are the photoreceptors cells?

A

Rods and cones

75
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

Thing transparent membrane

Covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelids

76
Q

What is the conjunctival sac?

A

Space between the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjunctiva

77
Q

What are eyelids?

A

Upper and lower folds of skin lined by the thin, moist conjunctiva

78
Q

What are the lateral and medial canthus?

A

Corners where the eyelids come together

79
Q

What are the tarsal glands?

A

Produce waxy substance the helps prevent tears from overflowing onto the face

80
Q

What is the nictitating membrane?

A

Third eyelid

81
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Structures that produce and secrete tears and drain them away from the surface of the eye

A&P 2 (AC) (7 decks)

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