Flashcards in XX - The Endocrine System Deck (166)
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91
These cysts are lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium with occasional goblet cells and anterior pituitary cells, can accumulate proteinaceous fluid and expand, compromising the normal gland
Rathke Cleft Cyst (TOPNOTCH)
92
The craniopharyngomas are thought to arise from what structure?
Vestigial remnants of Rathke pouch (TOPNOTCH)
93
What is the earliest and most consistent feature of hyperthyroidism?
Cardiac manifestations (TOPNOTCH)
94
This condition presents with impaired developments of the skeletal system and central nervous system, manifested by severe mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, a protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia
Cretinism (TOPNOTCH)
95
These are epithelial cells with abudant eosinophilic, granular ctyoplasm seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hurthle cells (TOPNOTCH)
96
What is the most important feature in making the distinction between a thyroid adenoma and a multinodular goiter?
In adenoma, the neoplastic cells are demarcated from the adjacent parenchyma by a well defined intact capsule. In multinodular goiters, they lack a well formed capsule (TOPNOTCH)
97
What is the hallmark of all follicular adenomas?
Well formed capsule encircling the tumor. So, careful evaluation of the integrity of the capsule is therefore critical in distinguishing follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas which demostrate capsular and or vascular invasion (TOPNOTCH)
98
What is the most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the thyroid?
Thyroglossal duct or cyst (TOPNOTCH)
99
Lamellar keratin formation or "wet keratin" is a diagnostic feature of what tumor?
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma (TOPNOTCH)
100
Morphology: extensive infiltration of the parenchyma by a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate containing small lymphocytes, plasma cells, and well developed germinal centers
Hashimoto thyroiditis (TOPNOTCH)
101
Morphology: in its hyperplastic phase, they thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged and the follicles are lined by crowded columnar cells, which may pile up and form projections similar to those seen in Grave's disease
Diffuse nontoxic (simple) goiter (TOPNOTCH)
102
Morphology: Variant of papillary carcinos ma that is marked with tall columnar cells with intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm lining the papillary structures. The cells are at least twice as tall as they are wide.
Tall cell variant (TOPNOTCH)
103
Morphology: nuclei are usually round to ovoid, with stippled "salt and pepper" chromatin
Pheochromocytoma (TOPNOTCH)
104
Pathogenesis: Dysfunction in T cell selection and regulation leading to breakdown in self-tolerance to islet autoantigens
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1108
105
Pathogenesis: Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and failure of compensation by beta cells
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1108
106
Characterized by inflammatory infiltrate of T cells and macrophages, beta cell depletion and islet atrophy
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1108
107
Characterized by amyloid deposition in islets and mild beta cell depletion. No insulitis.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1108
108
Most potent anabolic hormone with multiple synthetic and growth-promoting effects.
Insulin (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1109
109
The most important environmenta risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1111
110
The most common precipitating factor in DKA
Failure to take insulin(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1114
111
What explains the wide, staring gaze and lid lag in hyperthyroidism?
Sympathetic overstimulation of superior tarsal muscle(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1084
112
Most common cause of endogenous hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1089
113
Triad of clinical findings in Graves Diseae
Hyperthyroidism, infiltrative ophthalmopathy, and pretibial myxedema(infiltrative dermopathy)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1089
114
The most common antibody subtype seen in 90% of patients with Graves disease.
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin(TSI) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1089
115
Patient presents with heat intolerance, palpitations, tibial edema, and exophthalmos. Thyroid gland was noted to be symmetrically enlarged. The most likely diagnosis is:
Graves disease(TOPNOTCH)
116
Effect of iodine in the morphology of thyroid in Graves disease
Involution of epithelium and accumulation of colloid(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1089
117
Laboratory features of Graves disease
Elevations in serum free T3 and T4 and decreased serum TSH(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1090
118
Most important single screening test for hyperthyroidism
TSH(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1084
119
Most often cause of congenital hypothyroidism
Iodine deficiency in the diet(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 1085
120
