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Ortho 1-first half > Wrist and hand pathology > Flashcards

Wrist and hand pathology Flashcards

1
Q

common pathologies of the wrist and hand

A

1: colle’s/smith’s fx
2: scaphoid fx
3: MC/phalanx fx
4: DeQuervain’s disease
5: Dupuytren’s contracture
6: carpal tunnel/ulnar tunnel
7: tendon injuries

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2
Q

colle’s/smiths fx

A
  • FOOSH
  • fracture of distal radius
  • difference=angulation
  • closed reduction if stable
  • ORIF (pins, plates) if unstable

-rehab for impairments: strength, ROM, flexibility

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3
Q

Common complications of colle’s/smith’s fx

A

carpal tunnel

RSD

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4
Q

colle’s fx

A

distal segment angulated dorsally

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5
Q

smith’s fx

A

distal segment angulated ventrally

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6
Q

scaphoid fx

A
  • most common carpal fx
  • FOOSH- esp w/ radial deviation
  • pain on palpation in snuffbox
  • pain on overpressure- radial/ulnar deviation
  • requires imaging to dx
  • closed reduction if stable
  • ORIF (screw fixation) if unstable

-rehab for impairments: strength, ROM, flexibility

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7
Q

common complications of scaphoid fx

A

AVN
scapho-lunate advanced collapse (SLAC)
-OA and lunate subluxation

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8
Q

MC and phalanx fractures

A
  • trauma
  • pain on: distal end tapping, palpation over bone
  • closed reduction if stable
  • ORIF (screw fixation) if unstable, intra-articular
  • MC often unites in 6 wks; phalanx in 3wks

-rehab for impairments: strength, ROM, flexibility

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9
Q

common complications of MC and phalanx fractures

A

carpal tunnel

fixed ROM loss

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10
Q

DeQuervain’s disease

A
  • stenosing tenosynovitis of the APL & EPB at radial styloid
  • overuse (friction syndrome)- thumb and wrist
  • most common in women 30-50
  • tender, thickened sheath
  • (+) Finklestein’s test
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11
Q

DeQuervain’s disease treatment

A

Conservative Rx:

  • refrain from aggravating postures/motions
  • thumb spica splint
  • physical agents for inflammation
  • steroid injection
  • surgical release of first dorsal compartment
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12
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

-palmar fascia thickens with nodules; adheres to flexor tendons and skin

Most common:

  • digits 4 & 5
  • in men
  • Northern European origins
  • drinkers and smokers
  • autosomal dominance??
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13
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture treatment

A

Conservative tx to slow progression:

  • heat-paraffin
  • stretching
  • splints
  • maintain joint ROM (constant length)
  • steroid injection or enzymes
  • surgical release
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14
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

=compression of medial nerve under flexor retinaculum

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15
Q

median nerve

A
  • innervates palmar skin of 1-3 and 1/2 of 4

- innervates lumbricales 1 & 2 and thenar ms. except for Adductor pollicis

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16
Q

CTS caused by:

A
  • trauma
  • prolonged wrist extension
  • repetitive wrist flex/ext
  • lunate dislocation
  • fluid retention (pregnancy)
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17
Q

clinical presentation of CTS

A
  • “toothache” pain progressing to numbness in medial distribution
  • thenar weakness/atrophy
  • night pain- hand “flicking”
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18
Q

conservative tx for CTS

A
  • splinting in neutral- night splints
  • refrain from aggravating postures/motions
  • agents for inflammation reduction
  • posture from c-spine distally
  • nerve gliding
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19
Q

surgical tx for CTS

A

open or endoscopic surgical release (incision on carpal ligament to release pressure)ulnar

post op PT: based on impairments

  • scar mobilization
  • strengthening
  • ROM
  • flexibility
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20
Q

ulnar tunnel syndrome

A

=compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes into the wrist

  • similar to CTS but in ulnar distribution
  • similar txs
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21
Q

ulnar nerve

A

innervates skin of digit 5 and 1/2 of 4
innervates hypothenar, all interossei, lumbricales 3 & 4, adductor pollicis, FPB

zone 1: motor and sensory (over pisiform and med side)
zone 2: motor (lateral to 1)
zone 3: sensory (distal to 1)

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22
Q

tendon injuries

A

-finger posture depends on balance of forces

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23
Q

terminal tendon affects..

A

mallet finger and swan neck

Swan neck:

  • synovitis of the flexor tendon sheath.
  • increased flexion pull on the MP ioint causes an imbalance to the extensor central slip through the long extensor tendons and the intrinsic muscles
  • stretch to the volar plate at the PIP jt causes hyperextension of the PIP
  • the lateral intrinsic tendons shift dorsally and reciprocal flexion occurs at the DIP jt
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24
Q

central slip affects..

A

boutonniere deformity

-can result from an injury or disease which ruptures the central slip, subluxing the lateral bands volarly to the axis of the middle joint (PIP). may develop over several days or many months after injury as the lateral bands drift volubly

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25
Q

finger flexor tendon injuries

A

complex anatomy:

  • cruciate and annular pulleys
  • vincula
  • FDS splits
  • FDS/FDP sliding

5 zones:
zone 2=”no man’s land”

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26
Q

treatment of tendon injuries

A

post surgical rehab:

  • clinical specialty (CHT)
  • based on tissue healing and functional anatomy
  • protocols as guidelines specifics from surgeon: protected motion to prevent ripping repair (PROM, AAROM, AROM, RROM)
  • key is HEP and pt ed
  • move anything not immobilized-constant length principles
  • often sensory problems as well as musculoskeletal
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27
Q

treatment of bone and joint injuries

A
  • splinting for partial tears and fractures
  • isometric contractions as soon as possible
  • adjunctive interventions (ice, therapeutic modalities, etc)
  • PROM/AAROM/AROM- mobilization (consider stage of healing
  • strengthening exercises to restore dynamic function
28
Q

examination and evaluation

A
  • shoulder include comprehensive exam of upper quarter
  • presence of co-morbidities requires different techniques than in those pts w/o issues
  • med hx along with objective information forms basis for chosen interventions
29
Q

relevant scales

A 
VAS
DASH: disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand
PSFS: pt specific functional scale
UEFS: UE functional scale
Boston questionnaire
30
Q

general observation

A
  • posture- head and neck
  • muscle tone
  • quality, color, temp of skin
  • quality of nails
  • swelling
  • resting position of hand
  • ability to use limb
31
Q

observe resting position of hand

A
  • swan neck deformity
  • boutonniere deformity
  • ulnar drift
  • clubbing of DIPs
  • Heberden’s or Bouchard’s nodes
  • claw fingers
  • Dupuytren’s contracture
  • mallet or trigger finger
32
Q

clubbed fingers

A

low levels of oxygen

lung or heart problems (CF, CHF)

33
Q

claw fingers

A

caused by nerve lesions or tendon lacerations

34
Q

Heberden’s or Bouchard’s nodes

A

caused by OA
Heberden’s- DIP
Bouchard’s - PIP

35
Q

mobility examination of wrist

A

AROM/PROM
Overpressure for flex/ext, radial/ulnar dev

Distraction and ant/post glides
radial/ulnar glides

radiocarpal/midcarpal, intercarpal, CMC assessment

36
Q

mobility examination of the hand

A

AROM/PROM
overpressure: flex/ext, abd/add

distraction and ant/post glides
radial/ulnar glides

muscle extensibility
all muscles crossing the elbow, wrist and hand
intrinsic muscles of the hand

37
Q

TAM

A

=total active motion

38
Q

TPM

A

=total passive motion

39
Q

TAM & TPM

A

method of expressing overal finger ROM

if TAM is significantly < TPM implicates problem with tendon gliding

40
Q

performance based functional measures

A

1: arthritis hand function test
2: hand mobility in scleroderma test
3: keitel functional test

41
Q

evaluation tests

A
  • pinch force measurements
  • isometric grip tests
  • ligament stability
  • soft tissue mobility
  • neurologic status
  • functional status
42
Q

instability special tests

A

1: gamekeeper’s (skier’s) thumb test
2: varus/valgus stress test (MCP, PIP, DIP)
3: Watson scaphoid test
4: ulnomeniscotriquetral dorsal glide

43
Q

gamekeeper’s (skier’s) thumb test

A

indicates UCL instability or tear and accessory collateral ligaments

pt seated.
PT stabilizes pt’s hand in 1 hand and then pt’s thumb into extension with other hand
while holding thumb into extension, apply a valgus stress to MCP to stress UCL

Positive test=valgus is greater than 30-35 deg- complete tear

44
Q

varus/valgus stress test

A

indicates instability of the MCP, PIP or DIP

positive test=laxity or excessive motion

*MOI is usually trauma

45
Q

Watson scaphoid test

A

indicates scaphoid instability

PT grasps wrist from radial side with thumb over scaphoid tubercle. other hand grasps the metacarpals.
Starting in ulnar dev and slight extension, the wrist is moved into radial dev and slight flexion
PT’s thumb presses the scaphoid out of normal alignment when laxity exists and when the thumb is released there is a “thunk” as the scaphoid moves back into place.
**maintain skin contact to feel subluxation

positive test=subluxation or clunk, pain

46
Q

Ulnomeniscotriquetral dorsal glide

A

indicates TFCC tear, triquetral instability

Pt places thumb dorsally over ulna, and PIP of index finger over pisotriquetral complex where they apply a dorsal glide

positive test=reproduction of pain or laxity in the ulnomeniscotriquetral region

47
Q

DeQuervain’s disease special tests

A

Finklestein test

48
Q

finkelstein test

A

indicates paratendonitis/ thumb tenosynivitis

pt makes a fist with thumb inside fingers and ulnar deviates
**active test

positive test=pain over abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons at the wrist

49
Q

special tests for arterial filling

A

allen test

50
Q

allen test

A

indicates decreased circulation

elbow resting on table, fingers pointed up
PT occludes radial and ulnar As
pt opens/closes fist x30 seconds
PT releases 1 side and observes filling pattern and time

**compare bilaterally!

51
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome special tests

A

1: Katz hand diagram
2: phalen’s test
3: reverse phalen’s test
4: flick maneuver
5: tinel’s sign
6: median nerve compression
7: semmes-weinstein monofilament

52
Q

Katz hand diagram

A

indicates carpal tunnel syndrome

pt is asked to fill out a diaphram using a key of numbness, pain, tingling and decreased sensation.

subdivided into pts that have classic, probable, possible and unlikely CTS based on completion of diaphragm

53
Q

Phalen’s test

A

indicates CTS

wrist flexion between both hands

positive test= reproduction of symptoms along median nerve distribution

54
Q

Reverse phalen’s test

A

indicates CTS

wrist extension between both hands

positive test=reproduction of numbness, tingling in median nerve distribution within 60 seconds

55
Q

Flick maneuver

A

indicates CTS

pt vigorously shakes their hands

positive test=resolution of paresthesia symptoms during or following flicking

56
Q

Tinel’s sign

A

indicates CTS

pt’s wrist supinated and in neutral.
PT uses finger or reflex hammer to tap on median nerve where it enters carpal tunnel.

positive test=reproduction of symptoms of paresthesia along median nerve distribution

57
Q

Median nerve compression test

A

indicates CTS

PT holds pt’s hand and places thumbs directly over course of median nerve through flexor retinaculum- applying pressure for 30 seconds.

positive test=reproduction of pain, paresthesia, or numbness distal to site of compression in the distribution of the median nerve

58
Q

ulnar nerve special tests

A

Froment’s sign

59
Q

Froment’s sign

A

indicates ulnar nerve lesion

ulnar nerve innervates adductor pollicis*
when pt attempts to lateral pinch an object (paper) IP joint will flex but adductor pollicis won’t fire, compensation of flexor pollicis longus

60
Q

special tests for intrinsic muscle tightness

A

1: Bunnell-littler test
2: ORL test

61
Q

Bunnell-Littler test

A

indicates intrinsic muscle tightness

start with wrist in neutral and perform test.
repeat with wrist in flexion and extension (may indicate extrinsic muscle tightness)

positive test=increased PIP flexion with MCP flexion

  • clinically you see limited PIP flexion; could be due to: intrinsic muscle contracture, extensor digitorum tendon, capsular restriction
  • when you passively extend the MCP jt you are tightening the intrinsics; flex the PIP jt then compare to PIP jt motion as you flex the MVP jt. If PIP motion increases, the restriction is from tight intrinsics
62
Q

ROM loss due to capsular tightness

A
  • flexing the wrist and MCP joints puts the extensor digitorum on stretch; from this position flex the PIP joint to its limit
  • repeat with the wrist and MCP joint extended; if the PIP joint restriction remains unchanged regardless of wrist and MCP joint position the limitation is likely capsular
63
Q

DIP ROM loss

A

DIP flexion ROM may be limited due to:

  • tight oblique retinacular ligament
  • capsular tightness

to test for oblique retinacular ligament tightness perform the Bunnell-Littler test one joint distally. if passive DIP jt flexion is limited as the PIP is passively extended, but DIP flexion increases as the PIP is flexed, the test is positive for ORL tightness

64
Q

Joint mobilizations for radiocarpal/midcarpals

A 
distraction
dorsal glide
ventral glide
radial glide
ulnar glide
65
Q

joint mobilizations for 1st CMC

A 
distraction
dorsal glide
palmar glide
radial glide
ulnar glide
66
Q

joint mobilizations for MCP, DIP, PIP

A 
distraction
dorsal glide
palmar glide
radial glide (MCP only)
ulnar glide (MCP only)

Ortho 1-first half (10 decks)

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