Wk 4. Interventional radiography

Question 1

what is atrial septal defect?

Answer 1

where the septal wall between the left and right atria fail to form properly.

Question 2

what is ventricular septal defect?

Answer 2

where the septal wall between the left and right ventricle fail to form properly.

Question 3

what happens as a result of ASD and VSD?

Answer 3

oxygen rich blood gets shunted into poor oxygenated blood.

Question 4

What can happen as a result of ASD and VSD?

Answer 4

• breathlessness
• poor oxygenated blood can flow into the chambers of oxygen rich blood
• The flow of blood also changes the pressures within the heart chambers

Question 5

what are 6 symtoms of ASD/VSD?

Answer 5

• SOB on excretion
• General fatigue
• Poor circulation: swollen legs, feet
• Heart palpitations
• Lung infections
• Heart murmur or “whooshing” sound

Question 6

what is the blood flow in a normal heart (7 steps)

Answer 6

1. Deoxygenated blood to R atrium
2. Tricuspid valve to R ventricle
3. Pulmonary valve to lungs
4. ‘oxygenation’
5. pulmonary veins to L atrium
6. mitral valve to L ventricle
7. Aortic valve to peripheral system

Question 7

what is the blood flow in a ASD heart (6 steps)

Answer 7

1. Deoxygenated blood to R atrium
2. Tricuspid valve to R ventricle
3. Pulmonary valve to lungs
4. ‘oxygenation’
5. pulmonary veins to L atrium
6. mitral valve to L ventricle
   Defect to R atrium
   Aortic valve to
   peripheral system

Question 8

How is ASD and VSD diagnosed?

Answer 8

• Echocardiography
• ECG
• MRI/CT

Question 9

what is arthrography

Answer 9

the placement of contrast into a joint space

Question 10

what are 4 indication for arthrography

Answer 10

• Joint space compromise / trauma
• Capsular tear around the joint
• Prolonged joint pain
• Therapeutic

Question 11

what is graft

Answer 11

is the name given to a vessel that is used as a “Bypass” of another vessel that is no longer functioning

Question 12

where are grafts most common

Answer 12

heart, legs, aorta and forearm

Question 13

when are grafts used (4)

Answer 13

• to open up stenosis in any organ or vessel
• to bypass or open up a complete occlusion
• to create a lumen for aneurysmal organs or vessels
• to bypass a defective organ

Question 14

what are peg tubes used for

Answer 14

feeding when the upper GI tract is affected by a pathology

Question 15

where are peg tubes inserted

Answer 15

into the patients stomach via the outlying abdominal wall

Question 16

what are 5 indications for having a peg tube

Answer 16

• NG tube is not possible
• Anorexic patients
• Near death: force feeding
• Volvulus of the stomach
• Post-surgical drainage

Question 17

what are 5 contraindications of a peg tube

Answer 17

• Peritonitis
• Ascites
• Bowel obstruction
• Large gastric varices
• Gastric wall neoplasm

Question 18

where are pneumothorax and haemothorax tubes inserted?

Answer 18

pneumothorax: in the upper area of the pneumothorax
haemothorax: the tube is place as low as practicable in the thoracic cavity

Question 19

where are pneumothorax and haemothorax tubes placed, including how?

Answer 19

• Between intercostal space
• Within the thoracic cavity
• Under I.I. or US or in emergency
• Tube is stitched in place on the skin surface

Question 20

what is the function of a chest drain

Answer 20

acts as an underwater one way valve, preventing ait from returning to the thoracic cavity