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British History (Part 2) > Western Rebellion > Flashcards

Western Rebellion Flashcards

1
Q

What was the main trigger of the Western rebellion in Cornwall?

A
  • resentment arising from the hatred of the commissioner William Body
  • arrogance of the investigation into chantries created a swirl of rumours and fears about church goods being confiscated
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2
Q

What happened to William Body (Archdeacon of in Cornwall in 1548?

A
  • Body’s destruction of church images prompted group in Helston to murder him
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3
Q

What was the final straw for the people of Cornwall on Whitsunday in June 1549?

A
  • introduction of the New Prayer book
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4
Q

What was the main trigger of the Western rebellion in Devon?

A
  • use of the new Prayer book
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5
Q

How did the rebellion take hold in Cornwall?

A
  • protestors assembled at Bodmin
  • led by Humphrey Arundell
  • list of articles were compiled
  • crowd then marched to Devon
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6
Q

How did the rebellion take hold in Devon (Sampford Courtenay)?

A
  • rebels persuaded priest to deliver traditional Catholic mass and moved to join forces from Cornwall to Crediton
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7
Q

Give an example of a gentleman who tried to calm the rebels in Devon and was hacked to pieces?

A
  • Hellier
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8
Q

What role did Sir Peter Carew play?

A
  • leading gentleman in Devon
  • rode to meet combined force at Crediton
  • aggravated the situation as he was a known Protestant and his tense meeting with rebels almost turned violent when a barn was set alight
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9
Q

What eventually happened to Sir Peter Carew?

A
  • he fled back to Exeter and London
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10
Q

How was the first government response limited?

A
  • Somerset was acting on inadequate information
  • he only had limited resources at his disposal
  • he was struggling to… suppress enclosure riots in the Midlands, maintain adequate forces on Scottish border,
    watch for French aggression - called upon Lord Russell to find peace but could only give him a small army
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11
Q

What are the three causes of the Western rebellion?

A
  • religious grievances
  • economic factors
  • personality clashes
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12
Q

How did economic factors impact the Western rebellion?

A
  • in early stages of rebellion the economic grievances figured more highly - by time of second list of demands, Robert Welsh was leading and his theological concerns were heavily reflected (he was the vicar of St Thomas - was still preaching against the reformed religion and continuing to use the Romish rites and ornaments in his services)
  • complaints about taxes on sheep and cloth generated rumours about further taxes on other animals
  • in initial demands, there were complaints about taxes and food prices
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13
Q

Why are the ruling classes always concerned about protests?

A
  • no police force or standing army to suppress
  • only the thin threads of duty and deference kept the common people in order (explains harsh punishments)
  • viewed commons as essentially irrational, stupid, fickle
  • failed to see that most rebellions were remarkably peaceful/ passive (government suppression tended to spark any physical violence)
  • believed their positions would be threatened (in actuality, rebels never wanted that)
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14
Q

As Lord Russell could only be provided with a small army, he avoided direct confrontation with the rebels - give a brief overview of the timeline how

A
  • 8th July: made last attempt at a settlement with the rebels
  • 12th July: reinforcements led by Lord Grey - delayed by another uprising in Oxfordshire
  • 28th July: (once he was pressured by Somerset) - Russel began an advance against the rebels
  • 3rd August: Russell’s army = aided by the arrival of forced of Lord Grey
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15
Q

How did religious impact the Western rebellion?

A
  • unquestionably the central issue
  • list of articles demanded reintroduction of Catholicism through reinstatement of Act of 6, use of Latin, Communion of one kind, prayers for dead, Mass every Sunday
  • widespread response of laity to the removal of images was perhaps provoked as much by unfamiliarity of new practises as by the doctrinal/ political issues behind them
  • introduction of new Prayer Book showed how much religious had changed
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16
Q

How did personality clashes impact the Western rebellion?

A
  • William Body intensified the antagonism felt towards the religious changes due to his heavy-handed approach
17
Q

Other than Body attempting to destroy images, what else caused further disquiet in the region?

A
  • dissolution of the chantries
  • undermining of the local guilds which supported masses and prayers for the dead, and provided lights for rood and images
18
Q

Where did the army of rebels from the south-west (this was after Cornwall and Devon had united at Crediton and Carew tried to calm them) settle themselves?

A
  • congregated and camped outside Clyst St Mary, occupying the main road to Exeter
19
Q

Why was Peter Carew not a suitable choice to deal with the rebellion?

A
  • he was an evangelical

- rather than pacify the rebellion it was inflamed

20
Q

After Carew, Lord Russell was appointed to restore law and order. What limitations did he face?

A
  • had an inadequate force

- by 2nd July the rebels numbered 2000 and were advancing on Exeter behind the banner of the Five Wounds of Christ

21
Q

What significance does the banner have?

A
  • connects this rebellion with that of the Pilgrimage of Grace which was grounded in religious causes
  • visually strong symbol of the faith
22
Q

As the rebels marched on Exeter and the mayor refused their demands, what happened?

A
  • siege of Exeter began (citizens of Exeter defended city for about 6 weeks)
  • demands of the rebels were delivered to Somerset
23
Q

What three factors may have motivated/ impacted Somerset’s actions?

A
  • leniency
  • lack of awareness of the seriousness of the threat
  • military requirements elsewhere
24
Q

When and how did Lord Russell accomplish the regaining of Exeter?

A
  • 28th July - was urged to attack and regain control

- accomplished with arrival of 1,000 extra troops under Sir William Herbert

25
Q

Having gained the regional capital, where did Russell march? What was the result?

A
  • through rebel stronghold of Sampford Courtenay with 8000 men
  • fight by rebels had little chance of success, rebellion collapsed, reprisals began
26
Q

How many men were said to have been killed in the rebellion? Who is a poignant example?

A
  • 4000 men
  • Robert Welsh (vicar of St Thomas in Exeter) - hanged on the gallows erected on his Church tower in his vestments with a ‘holy water bucket, a sprinkler, a sacring bell, a pair of beads and other such popish trash hanged about him’
  • immediate retribution followed with the execution of twenty-eight Cornishmen at Launceston Castle
27
Q

Why was enclosure a contributing factor to the rebellion?

A
  • government’s attack on enclosure through recent poll taxes on sheep was a particular concern in a region which had been enclosed
  • where majority of farming was pasture rather than arable
  • rumours that taxation would be extended to other livestock may have sparked discontent
  • evidence: complaints about taxes and food prices featured in the initial demands list
28
Q

How did the rebel demands challenge gentlemen?

A
  • challenged their position and their right to employ servants
29
Q

Why did the rebels object to the sale of chantry land?

A
  • attacking those who were profiting from the sale of Church land
30
Q

What was arguably another key issue for the rebels?

A
  • interference of the government in a fiercely independent region
  • loath to accept new laws from a central government geographically distant from them
  • up until 1549 government influence had been weak but Somerset’s financial and religious policies presented a serious challenge to this independence
31
Q

Where were the three places of confrontations between government forces and the rebels?

A
  • Fenny Bridge
  • Clyst St Mary
  • Clyst Heath
32
Q

What shows the resilience and commitment of the rebels?

A
  • they remained strong to the end
  • even after defeated on the battlefield, Russell (leader of government forces) had to deal with rearguard action and pockets of resistance until 3/4,000 killed
33
Q

How can religion be seen clearly as the central issue that sparked the rebellion?

A
  • list of articles demanded reintroduction of Catholicism
  • to be achieved through: reinstatement of the Act of Six Articles, use of Latin, Communion in one kind, prayers for the dead, mass every Sunday
  • widespread response of ordinary people in reaction to removal of images - may have been provoked by unfamiliarity, no doubt that religion had changed significantly
34
Q

How was their cultural independence a possible cause of the rebellion?

A
  • argued that the Catholic Church had “proved itself extremely accommodating of Cornish language and culture” and government attacks on the traditional religion had reawakened the spirit of defiance in Cornwall
  • Cornish resistance to English cultural aggression
  • Glasney College had recently been dissolved - perhaps the dissolution of this ancient cultural centre provoked unrest among native speakers
  • protect ancient culture and language
  • majority of the Cornish people spoke Cornish and viewed English as the language of those who threatened the independence of their region
  • Latin was the universal language of worship, understood to be a shared language with all people in Christendom

British History (Part 2) (11 decks)

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