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A&P 2 (AC) > Week One: Blood, Lymph, And Immunity > Flashcards

Week One: Blood, Lymph, And Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and defense system

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2
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

Body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood pH

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3
Q

Plasma is ______ to _______ of a blood sample volume, depending on the species of the animal and the size of its red blood cells

A

45 to 78%

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4
Q

_________ carry oxygen (type of cell)

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

_______ help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels

A

Thrombocytes

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6
Q

What is the definition of hematopoiesis?

A

Production of all blood cells

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7
Q

Where do fetal and neonatal hematopoiesis occur?

A

Fetal: liver and spleen
Neonatal: red bone marrow

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8
Q

What is the definition of erythropoiesis?

A

Production of red blood cells

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9
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia

Triggers stem cell to divide and differentiate

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of red blood cells?

A

65% water
35% solids
Round, a nuclear biconcave disks
Uses plasma glucose for energy

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11
Q

What is heme?

A

Pigment portion of hemoglobin, produced in mitochondria, contains iron atoms

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12
Q

Every heme group can carry one molecule of what?

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

Four heme groups attach to each what?

A

Globin molecule

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14
Q

What is globin?

A

Protein portion of hemoglobin

Produced by ribosomes

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15
Q

Where is fetal hemoglobin found?

A

Fetal blood during mid to late gestation and up to a couple months after birth

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16
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen

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17
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen

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18
Q

What is the red blood cell life span in a dog?

A

110 days

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19
Q

What is the red blood cell life span in a cat?

A

68 days

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20
Q

What is the red blood cell life span in horses and sheep?

A

150 days

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21
Q

What is the red blood cell life span in cows?

A

160 days

22
Q

What is the red blood cell life span in mice?

A

20-30 days

23
Q

What is senescence?

A

Process of aging

24
Q

What happens in extravascular hemolysis?

A
  • Macrophages remove senescent RBCs from circulation
  • RBCs broken down into components that can be recycled in the body or eliminated as waste materials
  • Iron is transported to the red bone marrow
  • Amino acids from globin molecules are transported to the liver for re-use
25
Q

Excess unconjugated hemoglobin in the plasma is eliminated in…

A

Urine

26
Q

Anemia results in ________ O2 carrying capacity of the blood

A

Decreased

27
Q

What causes anemia?

A
  • Low number of circulating mature red blood cells (blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production)
  • Insufficient hemoglobin production
28
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increase in number of RBCs

29
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss (e.g. vomiting, diarrhea)

30
Q

What is compensatory polycythemia?

A

Result of hypoxia (e.g. high altitudes, congestive heart failure)

31
Q

What is polycythemia rubra vera?

A

Rare bone marrow disorder, unknown cause

32
Q

What is thrombopoiesis?

A

Production of platelets

33
Q

Megakaryocyte undergoes __________ mitosis during maturation

A

Incomplete

34
Q

Granules contain…

A

Clotting factors and calcium

35
Q

Platelets remain in peripheral blood until…

A

They are removed by tissue macrophages because of old age or damage

36
Q

What are platelet functions?

A
  1. Maintain vascular integrity
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Stabilize the homostatic plug
37
Q

What classifies white blood cells?

A
  1. Functions
  2. Presence or absence of granules
  3. Nuclear shape
38
Q

Where does leucopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

39
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

Production of the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

40
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces

41
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection

42
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Engulf materials

43
Q

What is hydrogen peroxide?

A

Produced by neutrophils during oxygen metabolism

44
Q

What is myeloperoxidase?

A
  • Released from neutrophil granules
  • Enhances the bactericidal actionof hydrogen peroxide
  • Capable of destroying the cell walls of microorganisms
45
Q

What is the circulating pool of neutrophils?

A

Within lumen of blood vessels

46
Q

What is the marginal pool or neutrophils?

A

Line the walls of small blood vessels mainly in the spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs

47
Q

What are some characteristics of eosinophil?

A
  • Red granules in the cytoplasm of mature cells
  • 0-5% of the total white blood cell count
  • Produced in bone marrow from the same pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells
48
Q

What is a segmented nucleus?

A

Has two lobes, eosinophil has a segmented nucleus

49
Q

What does eosinophil look like in dogs?

A

Round granules of varying sizes; pale staining

50
Q

What does eosinophil look like in cats?

A

Numerous small, rod-shaped granules

51
Q

What does eosinophil look like in horses?

A

Very large, round or oval-shaped granules; stain intensely

52
Q

What does eosinophil look like cattle, sheep, and pigs?

A

Round, small granules; stain pink to red

A&P 2 (AC) (7 decks)

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