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Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM > Week 7 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 7 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Define emotion:

A

responses to external stimuli and/or internal representations.

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2
Q

Are emotions distinct from moods?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Can emotions be learned or unlearned reponses?

A

yes

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4
Q

Emotion involves the appraisal of what?

A

stimuli in terms of current goals

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5
Q

Does emotion depend on a single or multiple neural systems?

A

depend on different neural systems

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6
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A
  1. a physiological reaction
  2. a behavioural response
  3. a feeling
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7
Q

How many basic emotions are there?

A

6

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8
Q

Basic emotions are what:

A

innate, universal, short-lasting

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9
Q

What are some complex emotions? (3)

A

jealousy, parental love, romantic love

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10
Q

What are some aspects of complex emotions?

A
  1. longer lasting
  2. not universal
  3. socially/culturally learned
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11
Q

What are 3 dimensions in ways we can categorise emotion?

A
  1. valence (positive, negative)
  2. arousal (intensity or response)
  3. approach/withdraw
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12
Q

Where was Phineus Gage damaged?

A

In his medial prefrontal lobes

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13
Q

What personality changes did Phineus gage have?

A

impulsive and unreliable

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14
Q

In Darwin’s theory of emotional expression, expressions of emotion developed how?

A

evolved form behaviours indicating what an animal is likely to do next

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15
Q

According to Darwin, beneficial emotional signals will evolve to do what?

A

enhance communicative function

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16
Q

What is Darwin’s principal of antithesis?

A

movements indicate the opposite type of behaviour (averting gaze is submissive)

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17
Q

What is the James Lange theory of emotion?

A

stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotion

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18
Q

What is the Cannon Bard theory of emotion?

A

stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion simultaneously

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19
Q

Are either the James Lange theory and the cannon bard theory likely to be correct?

A

no

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20
Q

The most modern model of emotion has what 3 aspects?

A
  1. perception
  2. feeling
  3. physiological
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21
Q

What are the steps for the appraisal theory of emotion? (4)

A
  1. perception
  2. cognitive appraisal
  3. emotion
  4. response
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22
Q

What are the Singer-Schater theory steps for emotion? (4)

A
  1. perception
  2. general physiological reaction
  3. cognition
  4. emotion
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23
Q

What did Bard find in cats in 1929?

A

that cats who got their cortexs taken out became ufocused and aggresive

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24
Q

What was discovered in the Bard cat experiences?

A

That agression responses only occured if the hypothalamus was in tact. Therefore, it is postulated that the hypothalamus is needed for expression of aggression and cortex serves to inhibit and direct responses.

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25
Q

Who proposed an emotional circuit which is now known as the limbic system?

A

Papez (in 1937)

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26
Q

What is Kluver Busy syndrome caused by?

A

bilateral damage to amygdala

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27
Q

What are some symptoms of the Kluver Bucy syndrome?

A

lack of fear, urge to put objects in mouth, memory loss, emotional blunting

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28
Q

What are some brain areas involved in emotional processing?

A
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • prefrontal cortex
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29
Q

What is important for fight/flight response?

A

autonomic nervous system

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30
Q

What is an important part of the brain for fear?

A

The amygdala

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31
Q

What are the three main points which have advanced the understanding of brain mechanisms of emotion?

A
  1. brain activity associated with each human emotion is diffuse
  2. There is usually motor and sensory regional activity along with an emotional response
  3. brain activity for experienced, imagined, or observed emotion is similar activation
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32
Q

Who did a lot of work on the amygdala?

A

Joseph leDoux

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33
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

in the temporal lobe (between your ears and eyes, on both sides of the brain)

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34
Q

What other structures are involved in the processing of fear through the amygdala?

A

sensory information, emotional reactivity (HPA axis),

prefrontal cortex

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35
Q

What role does the amygdala play in learning behaviours?

A

Pavlovian associations: If a sound occurs before something painful, that sound will later trigger a fear response. Same with positive events. It forms associations.

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36
Q

What are the 3 major sections of the amygdala?

A
  1. lateral nuclei
  2. basal nuclei
  3. central nuclei
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37
Q

What does the central nuclei (as part of the amygdala) have outputs to?

A

The HPA axis

38
Q

What is fear conditioning?

A

Pairing a stimulus such as a sound with an aversive pain stimulus. Later, the sound alone will produce fear response.

39
Q

What do lesions to the amygdala block?

A

Fear conditioning. However, it does not block the unconditioned response.

40
Q

The sensory and thalamic inputs related to the CS and US converge where?

A

On the lateral nucleus and induces synaptic plasiticyt

41
Q

What are two roads in which information can read the amygdala, according to Le Doux?

A

low road - be fast (rapid detection of threat)

high road - be sure (complex analysis of stimuli

42
Q

What is contextual fear conditioning?

A

Pairing an aversive stimulus with a particular context

43
Q

What do hippocampus lesions block in relation to fear contextual conditioning?

A

prevents contextual conditioning before training

blocks retention of contextual fear conditioning after training

44
Q

Which part of the amygdala is most critical in conditioned fear?

A

The lateral nucleus

45
Q

What is conditioned fear suppressed by?

A

the prefrontal cortex, inhibiting the lateral amygdala

46
Q

How does the hippocampus mediate conditioned fear learning?

A

By informing the lateral amygdala about the context of the fear related event

47
Q

Wheat do outputs from the central nucleus regulate?

A

Defensive behaviour and physiological responses

48
Q

What is Urbach-Weithe disease?

A

Specific deficit in identifying or reproducing fearful emotional expressions.

49
Q

What did SM draw when asked to draw an afraid expression?

A

a baby

50
Q

SP sustained lateral amygdala damage due to lobectomy to relieve epilepsy. What was the result of this?

A

Unable to recognise fearful facial expressions, did not acquire conditioned response in fear paradigm

51
Q

How are emotional stimuli/situations measured?

A

In bodily responses (eg sweating) using a skin conductance response

52
Q

Patients with hippocampus show normal skin conductance reactions to fearful stimuli, but do not what?

A

They are not aware of the fearful response (they do not feel it.)

53
Q

What are 3 ways to learn something explicitly?

A
  1. instruction
  2. observation
  3. experience
54
Q

What enhances the strength of explicit memories for emotional events?

A

The amygdala

55
Q

What is explicit learning fear response using the instructed fear paradigm.

A

participants told that when they see a blue square, they will get a shock. Most people have skin conductance responses when seeing the square. However, people with amygdala damage do not show any skin conductance response.

56
Q

Is the amygdala important for modulating or increasing learning?

A

yes

57
Q

Can arousal induced enhancement occur after initial encoding?

A

Yes

58
Q

Is amygdala activation associated with recollected stimuli?

A

yes

59
Q

When people are recalling emotional memories, what will we see in their brain activation?

A

higher activation between amygdala and hippocampus

60
Q

Does chronic stress impair or enhance memory?

A

impair

61
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

remembered highly emotional events

62
Q

Which people’s amygdala lit up in relation to 9/11 memory?

A

Only those who were closer, meaning that proximity is related to amygdala activation

63
Q

Amygdala plays a role in enhancing what?

A

attention to emotional stimuli by enhancing early sensory processing

64
Q

attentional blink is reduced when?

A

When the second of two words is emotional

65
Q

What happens in orbito frontal cortex damage?

A

affects ability to respond to changing patterns of reward and punishment (don’t seem to learn from their mistakes)

66
Q

What is Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis?

A

changes in physiological arousal to emotional events are stored. Retrieval or similar situations reinstates the somatic markers and guides behaviour.

67
Q

What happens in activating the medial orbito frontal cortex?

A

experience and anticipate regret. People with damage don’t feel regret or anticipate negative consequences.

68
Q

According to James Gross’s model of cognitive control of emotion, what are the two different ways to regulate emotion?

A
  1. antecedent focused (reappraisal)

2. Response focused (suppression)

69
Q

in a cognitive control of emotion, which parts of the brain are activated?

A

medial portions of the orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex. Often accompanied by decreased activation of the amygdala.

70
Q

Define stress

A

reaction to harm or threat

71
Q

Define stressors

A

stimuli that cause stress

72
Q

What is chronic psychological stress mostly linked to?

A

ill health

73
Q

In the short term, stress is

A

adaptive

74
Q

In the long term, stress is

A

maladaptive

75
Q

What are the two systems which are the stress responses?

A
  1. activation of the HPA axis

2. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

76
Q

What are brief stressors often produce?

A

release of cytokines

77
Q

Subordination stress in dominance hierarchies are more likely to what?

A

attack juveniles

78
Q

What are psychomatic disorders?

A

medical disorders with psychological causes (ulcers)

79
Q

Ulcers are.caused by bacteria, but what makes the body more vulnerable to these ulcers?

A

stress

80
Q

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

A

study of the interaction of psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system

81
Q

What is the immune system?

A

protects us from infectious diseases by detecting and identifying antigens on cell surfaces

82
Q

What are pathogens?

A

disease causing agents

83
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

The first line of defence

84
Q

What are the two things that the innate immune system does?

A
  1. attacks generic classes of pathogens

2. destroy pathogens and release cytokines

85
Q

What are 3 aspects of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. targets specific pathogens identified by their antigens
  2. has memory (vaccination)
  3. cytokines activate lymphocytes (white blood cells)
86
Q

What are 2 types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. cell mediated (T lymphocytes)

2. antibody mediated (B lymphocytes)

87
Q

What effect does acute stressors have on immune system?

A

improve

88
Q

What effect does chronic stressors have on the immune system?

A

impair

89
Q

There is evidence for a link between stress and susceptibility, however, it is often difficult to infer what?

A

causality, because there are many other behaviours and possible contributing factors

90
Q

What might early exposure to stress increase? (3)

A
  1. brain and endocrine abnormalities
  2. psychiatric disorders
  3. stress intensity
91
Q

Which part of the brain is particularly susceptible to stress?

A

hippocampus

92
Q

Following stress, what 3 things happen in the hippocampus?

A
  1. shorted dendrites and less branched
  2. reduced neurogenesis
  3. disruption on hippocampus dependence tasks

Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience EXAM (9 decks)

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