What are the 4 structures of protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
What is a primary structure protein?
sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain
What is a secondary structure protein?
begin to chain on to each other forming a beta pleat or alpha helix
What is a tertiary structure protein?
when 2 or more protein chains join to form a complex macromolecule
Antibodies have what and why?
a specific shape, to join like a puzzle piece with a specific foreign protein that invades the body
What are structural proteins?
Stable, ridged, water insoluble proteins used for adding strength to tissues or cells. (some involved in blood clotting)
What are functional proteins?
generally water soluble and have a flexible, 3 dimensional shape, which can change under different circumstances.
What do you need to make ATP in the body?
Enzymes
What does denaturing of proteins do?
heat breaks down the bonds, complex structures are released, stretched into straight chains and lose there function.
What are the nucleic acids?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA- ribonucleic acid, ATP adenosine triphosphate
What are genes?
instructions coded in segments of DNA
What are the 3 types of RNA?
messenger, transfer, and ribosomal
What does messenger RNA do?
Copies the information in the DNA molecule
What does transfer RNA do?
Carries the information out of the nucleus
What does Ribosomal RNA do?
Uses the information to create proteins
What is a sematic cell?
Every cell in the body except a reproductive cell
What is ageing?
the slowing down of cells
What is mitosis?
(nuclear division) replication of identical daughter cells
What is Interphase?
the stage where DNA is synthesized
What are the 3 phases of Interphase?
G1, S phase and G2
What is the G1 phase?
growth, the cell doubles in size
What is the S phase?
Growth and DNA, Cell duplicates chromosomes
What is the G2 phase?
growth and final preparations for division
What is an allele?
the opposite form of a gene
Draw out Mitosis and Meiosis
What happens in prophase?
start to see the spindel finers and there is a break down of the nuclear envelope
What happens in Metapahse?
DNA lines up into a metaphase plate
what happens in anaphase?
Seperation of chromatides
WHat happens in telophase?
Cytokenises ( cytoplasm cutting)
At the end of Mitosis what do you have?
2 identical daughter cells that are gong to go through interphase, diploid #’s
At the end of Meiosis what do you have?
Haploid #’s, gamete
What is a zygote?
2 gametes combined
What is synapsis?
where the dna crosses over on 2 chromomses, where you get genetic varability from
What is a tetrad?
when chromosomes pair up.
What is different in Anaphase 1 of meiosis vs anaphase in mitosis?
in anaphase one you have seperation of full chromosomes, in anaphase it is the seperation of chromatides