Week 6 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning and memory?

A
  1. encoding (acquisition and consolidation)
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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2
Q

What is the time length of sensory memory? (conscious)

A

milliseconds to seconds

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3
Q

What is the time length of short term and working memory? (conscious)

A

seconds to minutes. 7+/- 2 items

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4
Q

What is that time length of long term non-declarative memory? (not conscious memory)

A

days to years

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5
Q

What is the time length of long term declarative memory? (conscious)

A

days to years

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6
Q

What types of memories are involved in declarative memory?

A

facts

events

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7
Q

What types of memories are involved in non declarative memory? (4)

A
  • procedural memory
  • perceptual representation
  • classical conditioning
  • non-associative learning
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8
Q

What is included in the medial temporal lobe?

A
  • hippocampus

- parahippcampal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices

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9
Q

What is included in the subcortical strictures of memeory?

A
  • fortox
  • anterior thalamic nuclei
  • mammillary bodies
  • amygdala
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10
Q

What are some cortical regions involved in memory?

A
  • prefrontal cortex

- inferotemporal cortex

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11
Q

What is the cerebellum and striatum related to in memory?

A

cerebellum (motor, conditioning)

striatum (habit)

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12
Q

What is the mismatch field?

A

a magnetic field which elicits a high tone among standard low tones

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13
Q

What is the atkinson and shiffrin modal model of memroy?

A
  1. sensory input
  2. short term storage (attention)
  3. long term storage (rehearsal)
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14
Q

What are the two components of the central executive

A
  1. visuospatial sketch pad

2. phonological loop

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15
Q

Which hemisphere is the phonological working memory primarily involved in?

A

left hemisphere

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16
Q

What does the hippocampus mean in Greek?

A

seahorse

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17
Q

Damage to the medial temporal lobe can cause what?

A

severe anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia, while short term and declarative memory are spared

18
Q

Describe the case of HM

A
  • bilateral resection of the medial temporal lobe for epilepsy
  • severe anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia approx. 2 years prior
  • spared STM
19
Q

Do amnesics squire some new semantic memories?

A

yes, but they don’t know always the source of this knowledge

20
Q

What happened in patient KC?

A

Severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia after a motorbike accident, some factual knowledge

21
Q

What happened in patient EP?

A

could make category judgement

22
Q

What is global cerebral ischemia?

A

loss of blood to the brain

23
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

typically last 4-6 hours

disruption to the blood flow of the medial temporal lobe

24
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

caused by chronic consumption of alcohol

severe anterograde and retrograde amnesis

25
Q

What are some pathological changes seen in alzheimer’s disease?

A

-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

26
Q

What are some signs of predementia alzheimer’s?

A

both anterograde and retrograde amnesia

27
Q

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

memory loss following head injury
concussion/coma
anterograde and retrograde amnesia

28
Q

What is long term memory consolidation and what is some evidence for this?

A

slower, permanent consolidation

evidence comes from the fact that our most recent memories are likely to be lost first

29
Q

Where are memories believed to be stored long term?

A

in the neocortex

30
Q

Could HM form new explicit or implicit memories?

A

implicit - if he learned a task, he would not remember, yet would know how to do the task

31
Q

What is involved in the pretraining of monkeys in the delayed, non matching to sample task?

A
  1. habituate the monkey in the environment
  2. learn that food pellets are available in the food wells
  3. learn to move objects to get food
32
Q

Did the delayed non matching to sample task model HM’s case?

A

yes

33
Q

What is the mumby box?

A

The same as the monkey delayed non matching to sample but with rats

34
Q

What are two examples of how hippocampal lesions affect spatial memory tasks in rodent?

A
  1. morris water maze (contextual memory)

2. radial arm maze (reference memory and working memory)

35
Q

What are place cells?

A

they fire when the animal when animal is in a specific place

36
Q

what are entorhinal grid cells?

A

cells that fire if we move our heads in a certain direction, or are at a border

37
Q

What are some types of encoded cells?

A
  • time cells
  • social space
  • concept cells (Jennifer Aniston neurons, which fired to the concept of the person, not just the picture)
  • engram cells (light)
38
Q

Do concept cells (or Jennifer Aniston neurons) fire to the concept of Jennifer Aniston or just the image of her?

A

the concept- name, sound, picture

39
Q

What is optogenetics?

A

Uses light to turn cells on or off

40
Q

Which frontal cortex is better at encoding episodic information and encoding retrieval or semantic information?

A

the left frontal cortex

41
Q

Which frontal cortex is better at retrieving episodic information?

A

the right frontal cortex

42
Q

On a cellular level, long term potentiation affects memory how?

A

Activation of neurons through studying results in a greater activation which results in a stronger connection between two neurons. This strengthening encodes long term memory