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Flashcards in Week 6 Lecture Deck (32)
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1
Q

What is learning

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour or cognition brought about by repeated experiences in that situation.

2
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus Classical Conditioning = associations

3
Q

Observational Learning

A

Acquiring Knowledge by observing the environment and other peoples behaviours

4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

A stimulus that has biological relevance to the learner such as food

5
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A
  • A response that occurs to an unconditional response because it is biologically relevant
  • Usually a naturally occurring reflex such as salivation
6
Q

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

A

A cue or stimulus that does not have a natural response associated with it. Ie. Smell of baking bread

7
Q

Conditional Response (CR)

A

A learned behaviour or response that is triggered by the conditional stimulus (CS)

8
Q

Conditional Response (CR)

A

A learned behaviour or response that is triggered by the conditional stimulus (CS)

9
Q

(US)

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

10
Q

(UR)

A

Unconditioned Response

11
Q

(CS)

A

Conditional Stimulus

12
Q

(CR)

A

Conditional Response

13
Q

Phase 1: Before Conditioning

A

a) UCS (Food in mouth) paired with UCR (Salivation)
b) NS (bell tone) not connected with a response

14
Q

Phase 2: During Conditioning

A

c) NS (bell tone) plus UCS (Food in mouth) leads to UCR (salivation)

15
Q

The Process of Classical Conditioning

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. Extinction
  3. Spontaneous Recovery
  4. Generalisation
  5. Descrimination
16
Q

Classical Conditioning Phases: Acquisition

A
  • Initial stage of learning
  • Measure the strength of the response
  • Response stronger with repeated pairings of the stimulus
  • Response usually levels off at high levels
  • Strength of conditioning influenced by
    • Strength of pairing
    • Timing
    • Intensity of the unconditioned stimulus
  • Repeated pairings of Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus are required
  • NS and US must be associated in a timely fashion and occur together
17
Q

Classical Conditioning Phases: Extinction

A

Removing the pairing of two stimuli that has created a conditioned response, will eventually lead to the acquired conditioned response to disappear with time

18
Q

Types of classical conditioning

A
  • Simultaneous conditioning
  • Short delayed conditioning
  • Taste aversions
19
Q

Classical conditioning and phobias

A
  • Seligman: humans are more prepared to develop fears than other organisms
  • Excessive fear and avoidance creates the response of extreme anxiety
  • 10-11.3% possibility of lasting for a lifetime
  • Wolpe – thought systematic desensitisation or graduated exposure therapy and flooding or exposure therapy could cure phobias
20
Q

What is learning by association

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Pavlovian Conditioning
21
Q

The three types of learning

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
  • Observational learning
22
Q

Phase 3: After Conditionting

A

Conditioned Stimuli (S) leads to Conditioned Response (Salivation)

23
Q

The Steps of Classical Conditioning

A
  1. Acquisition
  2. Extinction
  3. Spontaneous Recovery
  4. Generalisation
  5. Descrimination
24
Q

Classical Conditioning: Acquisition

A
  • the initial stage of learning
  • beggining to acquire learning
  • the conditioned response grows stronger with more pairings
  • the more we pair CS and US the stronger the CR will be
  • NS and US must occur together
  • Law of contiguity
25
Q

Simultaneous Conditioning

A
  • the CS and the UCS begin and end together
26
Q

Short Delayed Conditioning

A
  • US (needle) leads to UR (pain)
  • if NS (doctor) is presented just before US (needle) an association is now being developed
  • ultimatley the NS (doctor) becomes CS (Doctor)
  • leads to CS (doctor) creates association CR (Pain/Fear)
27
Q

Classical Conditioning: Taste Aversion

A
  • US (chemotherapy) leads to UR (nausea)
  • NS (food eaten - icecream) plus US (chemotherapy) leads to US (nausea)
  • CS (food eaten - icecream) leads to CR (nausea)
28
Q

Taste Aversion

A
  • a certain type of conditioning because it breaks two cardinal rules of the process:
    • may occur after a single pairing of CS-Us
    • presentation of US (chemo) and CS (food eaten - icecream) may be separated by a period of hours
  • clearly a survival response that allows us to learn to avoid foods that may make us sick
  • eg becoming sick after drinking too much of a type of alcohol
29
Q

Can taste aversion be retrained

A

Yes. Exposure therapy can gradually build up to create a different state of conditioning

30
Q

Classical Conditioning: Extinction

A
  • exposing subject to our CS (Bell tone) but not providing the UCS (Food)
  • over time the CR (salivation) will not be triggered by the CS (bell tone)
31
Q

Classical Conditioning: Spontaneous Recovery

A
  • a learned association has become extint
  • no longer displays the CR (salivation)
  • the CR (salivation) will suddenly return when once again presented with the NS (bell tone)

eg: Taz - Stop, sit example

32
Q
A