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Pharmacotherapeutics > Week 6- Anti-infective agents > Flashcards

Week 6- Anti-infective agents Flashcards

1
Q

Considerations for children taking anti-infectives.

A
  • GI and CNS effect
  • Ear infection (contributing to resistance)
  • Dehydration
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2
Q

Considerations for adults taking anti-infective agents.

A
  • pregnancy

- “Quick fixes”

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3
Q

Considerations for older adults taking anti-infectives.

A
  • Concerns with excreting properly due to age related changes in the kidneys and liver
  • may present with different signs and symptoms
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4
Q

___ ____ developed synthetic chemicals against _____ causing cells in the ____

A

Paul Ehrlich
infection
1920’s

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5
Q

When were sulphonamides introduced?

A

1935

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6
Q

Define bactericidal.

A

kills the cell

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7
Q

Define bacteriostatic.

A

prevents reproduction of the cell

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8
Q

What does ‘narrow spectrum of activity’ mean?

A

effective only against a few organisms

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9
Q

What does ‘broad spectrum of activity’ mean?

A

can treat wide range of infections

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10
Q

What is the goal of anti-infective therapy?

A

reduce the invading pathogen low enough for the body to fight off the rest

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11
Q

What does the immune response involve?

A

chemical mediators, leukocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies, and locally released enzymes and chemicals

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12
Q

Why do immune suppressed patients not have as effective a treatment with anti-infectives?

A

because they cannot fight off the few invading pathogens the anti-infective did not eliminate

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13
Q

What is natural resistance?

A

Anti-infectives act on specific enzyme system or biological process, many microorganisms that do not act on this system are not affected by this particular drug.

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14
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Microorganisms that were once sensitive to the particular drug have begun to develop acquired resistance.

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15
Q

How does anti-infective agents resistance develop?

A
  • enzymes that deactivate the drug
  • change their cellular permeability so drug can’t enter
  • alter binding sites so they no longer accept the drug
  • produce chemicals that are antagonist to the drug
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16
Q

How can we prevent resistance?

A
  • limit txt of specific pathogens sensitive to the drug being used
  • high enough doses
  • long enough duration
  • cautious with indiscriminate use of anti-infectives
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17
Q

How do you identify the pathogen?

A

culture

swob the area of infection, stool, urine, vagina, blood, nose, rectal, etc

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18
Q

How do you identify what the microoganism is vulnerable to?

A

sensativity test

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19
Q

What factors effect the prescription of anti-infective agents?

A
  • identifying the pathogen and selecting the right drug
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20
Q

What is combination therapy and why is it used?

A
  • using smaller does of 2 drugs
  • some work synergistically
  • sometimes helps to delay emergence of resistant strains
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21
Q

Define emperic therapy.

A

txt before culture has been reported or obtained

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22
Q

Define prophylactic therapy.

A

txt to prevent infection

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23
Q

When would you use prophylactic anti-infectives?

A
  • travelling where there is malaria
  • GI surgery
  • known CV disease, valve replacement and other conditions requiring invasive procedures
24
Q

What are some adverse reactions to anti-infective therapy?

A 
Nephrotoxicity 
GI Tract Toxicity
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Hypersensitivity Reactions 
Superinfections
25
Q

Define antibiotics.

A

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

26
Q

What are the 3 ways of making antibiotics?

A
  • living organisms
  • syntheytic manufacturing
  • GE
27
Q

Define bacteriostatic.

A

prevent growth

28
Q

Define bactericidal.

A

kill bacteria directly

29
Q

What are signs of infection?

A

fever, lethargy, inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, heat)

30
Q

What are some risk factors for infection

A 
Chronic illness
Physical trauma
Immunosuppression (cancer, chemo, newborns, organ transplants)
Breaks in the skin
Poor nutrition
Impaired blood flow
Poor personal hygiene
Age (very old or young)
31
Q

What is included in the nursing assessment of patients experiencing infection?

A 
Check for known allergy
Vitals
CBC
C&S
Hearing
Renal, kidney and cardiac function
32
Q

What is included in the planning stage for patients experiencing infection?

A
  • continue checking (vitals, CBC, renal and kidney function, hearing, etc)
  • focus on CBC and fever
33
Q

What should nurses consider during implementation of therapy for patients experiencing infection?

A

Hygiene
Hydration
PPE
No dairy or grapefruit or antacids and iron supplements
Importance of the whole coarse and timing

34
Q

Nurse will evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment by…

A

wound approximation and lack of inflammation

35
Q

What patient teaching is required for those taking anti-infective agents?

A 
Therapeutic levels (take around the clock)
Take full dose
When to report 
How to dispose of medication
Storage (depends on the kind)
Don’t share or hord meds
36
Q

What are some signs an symptoms of super infections

A

fever, perineal itching, cough, lethargy, or any unusual discharge

37
Q

What are the most common side effects of antibiotics?

A

GI (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

38
Q

Antibiotics are best absorbed when…

A

taken with a full glass of water

39
Q

Define gram-positive.

A

The cell wall retains a stain or resists decolorization with alcohol

40
Q

Define gram-negative.

A

The cell wall loses a stain or is decolorized by alcohol

41
Q

Define aerobic

A

depend on oxygen to survive

42
Q

Define anaerobic

A

do not use oxygen

43
Q

What are Aminoglycosides?

A
  • end in -mycin

- A group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacilli

44
Q

Are amino glycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

45
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for?

A

serious infections of susceptible bacteria (gram negative)

46
Q

How do aminoglycosides work?

A

inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria causing cell death

47
Q

What route are amino glycosides taken?

A

oral or IM (peak in 1h)

48
Q

What are the most significant effects of aminoglycosides?

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

49
Q

What drug interactions do amino glycosides have?

A

react with..

diuretics and neuromuscular blockers

50
Q

What is the prototype for aminoglycosides?

A

gentamicin

51
Q

When would you use penicillins and penicillinase-restistant antibiotics?

A

pharyngitis, tonsillitis, diphtheria, anthrax

52
Q

Are penicillins and penicillinase-restistant bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

53
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics of penicillins and penicillinase-restistant ?

A

Rapidly absorbed from GI tract
Take on an empty stomach
Excreted unchanged in urine

54
Q

What drugs interact with penicillins and penicillinase-restistant ?

A

Tetracycline, aminoglycosides

55
Q

What is the prototype for penicillins and penicillinase-restistant ?

A

amoxicillin

56
Q

What are sulphonamides?

A

drugs that inhibit folic aside synthesis (thus interfere with cell wall building ability when they divide)

Pharmacotherapeutics (7 decks)

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