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Flashcards in week 4 (test 1) Deck (27)
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1
Q

behavioral criteria of sleep

A
  1. rapidly reversible state with reduced responsiveness
  2. increased arousal thresholds
  3. species-specific posture and place preference
  4. behavioral rituals (yawning)
  5. circadian regulation
  6. homeostasis
2
Q

hibernation

A

deepest form of dormacy in mammals lasting for weeks or months

3
Q

topor

A

extended daily periods of inactivity and reduced metabolism

4
Q

functions of sleep

A
  • recovery at cellular, network, and endocrine system levels
  • energy conservation
  • ecological adaptations
  • learning and synaptic plasticity
5
Q

energy conservation and ecology hypothesis

A
  • animal performance and prey availability peak at specific times of the day
  • sleep is an energy saving state
  • NREM sleep is a hypo-metabolic state
6
Q

energy conservation and ecology pros/cons

A

+

  • grounded in natural selection
  • modeling approaches
  • are energy savings enough
  • only valid for NREM
  • doesn’t explain selection of REM sleep
7
Q

learning and brain plasticity hypothesis

A
  • wake is associated with learning, leading to long term potentiation
  • process becomes unsustainable energetically and due to space limitations with prolonged wakefulness
  • sleep = widespread synaptic depression and synaptic downscaling
  • only the most robust connections are left, reducing energy and space for renewed learning
8
Q

learning and brain plasticity pros

A
  • cognitive effects are obvious even after mild sleep deprivation
  • supported by imaging studies
9
Q

learning and brain plasticity cons

A
  • memory and learning can occur in the absence of sleep
10
Q

cellular restoration hypothesis

A
  • key components are used up during prolonged wakefulness
  • sleep may restore macromolecules
  • oxidative stress ensues during wakefulness
  • sleep is needed to restore the synthesis of macromolecules and oxidative stress
11
Q

cellular restoration pros

A
  • changes in gene expression across sleep and wake and after sleep deprivation are consistent across brain regions
  • applicable to all species
12
Q

cellular restoration cons

A
  • changes reported are correlative

- mostly concerns only NREM sleep

13
Q

7 sleep ages

A
  1. pregnancy
  2. neonatal
  3. children
  4. adolescence and young adulthood
  5. middle age and menopause
  6. elderly
  7. disturbance in dementia
14
Q

sleep during menstrual cycle

A
  • lowest around menses
  • increase in spindle activity
  • decrease in REM during luteal phase
15
Q

hormonal influences of sleep

A
  • progesterone high during ovulation, low before period
  • pyrogenic -> rem sleep to occur earlier in sleep cycle -> loss of deep sleep -> feelings of depression, anxiety, irritability
16
Q

pregnancy and sleep

A
  • ~25% report disturbed sleep in 1st trimester
  • ~75% report disturbed sleep in 3rd trimester
  • 79% of women said sleep was more disturbed during pregnancy than any other time
17
Q

pregnancy-related sleep disturbances

A
  • disturbed sleep quality
  • poor sleep continuity
  • short/long sleep duration
  • restless leg
  • disordered breathing
18
Q

1st trimester sleep

A
  • difficulty sleeping through night
  • nausea
  • daytime sleepiness
  • increased urination
19
Q

2nd trimester sleep

A
  • improved sleep and energy

- possible snoring, heartburn, and nightmares

20
Q

3rd trimester sleep

A
  • difficulty sleeping

- increased urination, snoring, back pain, restless legs

21
Q

neonatal sleep

A
  • babies do not have stable 24 hour sleep wake rhythm
  • generates ~2-6 months
  • sleep cycle every 45 minutes
22
Q

sleep in children

A
  • need as much as possible
  • toddlers should spend 40% of time asleep (11-14 hours in 24 hour period)
  • preschoolers-11-13 hours
  • school aged-9-11 hours
23
Q

menopause sleep

A
  • hot flashes
  • night sweats
  • leg cramps ~40%
  • depressed mood ~20%
  • weight gain
  • headaches
  • insomnia ~20%
  • breathing disorders ~15%
24
Q

sleep in elderly

A
  • reduced sleep pressure

- increases in stage 1

25
Q

psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)

A
  • developed by Dinges
  • push the button as soon as stimulus appears
  • easy to administer
  • scores lapses and reaction times
26
Q

neurobehavioral effects of sleep loss

A
  • voluntary and involuntary sleep latencies shorten
  • microsleeps
  • behavioral lapsing
  • false responses
  • time on task decrements
  • cognitive speed
  • learning/recall defecits
27
Q

central disorders of hypersomnolence

A
  • conditions causing severe daytime sleepiness (narcolepsy)