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Flashcards in water Deck (35)
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1
Q

SDG goals

A

for clean, safe and abundant water and sanitation

2
Q

what is the hydrosphere

A

content of earths water on planet mainly found in the ocean (96%) and glaciers

3
Q

fresh water vs saltwater

A

fresh water: mainly in glaciers, important for economy, food, agriculture, health, etc.

salt water: high salt content i.e. ion/chlorine/sodium etc

4
Q

human activity effect on waterr

A

pollution (fertilizers)

acid rain (nitrogen oxides and calcium chloride)

eutrophication (oxygen depletion by phosphate excess)

5
Q

list some inequalities surrounding water

A
  1. withdrawal: agricultural increase in developing countries/biofuel production has an unequal shortage and distribution
  2. scarcity of food production (meat responsible for 53%)
  3. land: lakes (chad/dead sea/aral sea) are drying up which is causing forced displacement, economing damage and declines in tourism
6
Q

possible solution to water shortage?

A

water desalination

7
Q

types of water desalination

A
  1. natural desalination (per evaporation/condensation/precipitation/collection)
  2. distillation
  3. membrane processes
  4. rain water collection
  5. water purification
8
Q

explain distillation

A

separates water from salt by reaching the boiling point of the pure solvent

uses solar energy and greenhouse plants in thermal/desert industrial settings

issues: high costs for low production and needs high investment in renewables in order to be sustainable

9
Q

explain membrane processes

A

reverse osmosis and electrodyalysis to separate ions from water

10
Q

explain how rain water could be collected

A

low costs

good for year storage for irrigation/drinking water

11
Q

how can water be purified

A

special straws used in remote areas that are composed of charcoal, iodine chrystals and membrane filters to get rid of bad tastes, pathogenic microrganisms, etc.

12
Q

3 types of water salinity?

A
  1. soft: in rivers and lakes
  2. brackish: in lagoons and marshes
  3. salty: sea water
13
Q

what is water hardness

A

determined by the magnesium and calcium presence

hard water can’t be used for domestic purposes as it breaks down pipes, electrical devices, and it produces limestone

14
Q

3 types of water hardness?

A
  1. temporary (bicabornates of Ca/Mg where salts decompose at 70/80 .C into harmful carbonates)
  2. permanent: calcium and magnesium salts dont change in hot water
  3. total: sum of temporary/permanent
15
Q

define drinking water

A

portable water that is safe to drink and use for food preparation

16
Q

properties of drinking water

A

clear, odourless, colourless and with a pleasant taste

defined chemical characteristics

bacteriologically pure

17
Q

how is drinking water quality assessed

A

NOEL= no observed effect level

ADI= acceptable daily intake

18
Q

what is the process of obtaining drinking water

A

how surface/ground water is treated to confirm to quality criteria for human consumption

19
Q

what are the 3 ways Italian law classified drinking water extraction

A
  1. simple physical treatment (filtration/disinfection)
  2. intermediate level (combo of phys and chemical disinfection)
  3. complex: hard physiochemical treatment/refinement
20
Q

what are underground water pollutants

A

NATURAL: iron, manganese, hydrogen, arsenic, chlorides

ANTHROPOIC; nitrates, pesticides, herbicides, benzene

21
Q

what are surface-level pollutants

A

NATURAL: organic, the turbidity of algae

ANTHROPIC: pesticides, detergents, metals, and plastic

22
Q

effect of nitrates in water

A

pollutant from inorganic fertilizers can cause baby blue syndrome whereby blood can’t carry oxygen as nitrogen reacts with oxyhaemoglobin

23
Q

what 7 steps are there in water management

A
physical pre-treatments
prechlorination 
powdered activated charcoal
sand filtration
ozonization 
final chlorination with chlorine dioxide 
tank storage
24
Q

explain pre-treatment of water

A
  1. removal using grids of coarse solids
  2. sedimentation whereby gravity separates deposits
  3. filtration using sand filters
25
Q

how does pre-chlorination of water work

A

chemical process to inhibit algae/bacterial growth by adding chlorine/bleach/cloride dioxide

also involves disinfection by ozone, uv radiation, etc.

26
Q

what is PAC

A

powdered activated charcoal (PAC) treatment: breaks down turibidy of water and absorbs organic compounds

flocculation then removes activated carbon

27
Q

how does ozonization work

A

PEROXON is used as ozone is a reactive gas that disinfects water

28
Q

list some ways hotels could conserve their water

A
wash on request towels/linen policy
install dispensers with low flow 
reduce toilet flush 
built reservors for irrigation 
recycle wastewater/rain water 
calulcate consumption and train staff
29
Q

why is water important

A
= for life! makes up 45-75% of body weight
regulates body temperature
transports nutrients and blood
eliminates toxins
lubration purposes
metabolism
30
Q

mineral vs ordinary water

A

mineral water originates from acquifers/rservors with hygienic and health properies as they are reinforced with special minerals and limited pollutant risk

31
Q

mineral water packaging process

A
  1. bacteriological examination
  2. chemical/physical examination
  3. brand, water content classificaiton, authoriziation to sell, bottle date, bar code (batch number and date of minimum durability)
32
Q

what labels are on still water

A

pH
electrical conductivity
hardness
composition of salts

33
Q

what are the parameters of mineral water

A

slightly mineralized
oligomineral
medium mineral
full mineral

34
Q

what are other classifications of water typologies

A
  1. dissolved substances (salted, sulfur, sulphate, acids, etc.)
  2. water tempterature at source (cold, hypothermal, thermal, hyperthermal)
35
Q

list some luxury waters

A

smart water
iceberg water
black water
–> oftend BOTTLED AND POTABLE with high plastic pollution :(