Wallace_The Article I: Regular use of the article

Question 1

Explain how an article is used as a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they)

Answer 1

1. used in place of a third person personal pronoun in the nominative case
2. Only used this way with μεν … δε construction or μεν or δε alone
3. so “ὁ δε” or “ὁ μεν” immediately followed by finite verb or circumstantial participle (note a circumstantial participle is never articular, but it looks like it is in these constructions; this is an adverbial participle; ie “ὁ δε ἀποκριθεις εἷπεν” “But he, answering, said”

Question 2

Explain how an article is used as a relative pronoun (who, which)

Answer 2

1. typically after a noun before a phrase
2. Found in 2nd and 3rd attributive positions (2nd A-N-A-M; 3rd N-A-M)
3. Thus when the modifier is a genitive, prepositional phrase, or participle the article is translated as a pronoun

Question 3

Explain how an article is used as a possessive pronoun (his, hers, its)

Answer 3

1. used when possession is obvious (esp. with human anatomy; conversely if there is no possessive pronoun nor a article that can be taken possessively, then possession is almost ruled out)

Question 4

What is the individualizing article and what are 7 common categories?

Answer 4

1. to point out a particular object

2. simple, anaphoric, deictic, par excellence, monadic, well-known, abstract

Question 5

Explain the article used in simple identification

Answer 5

1. distinguish one individual from another

2. drip pan category and only used as a last resort

Question 6

Explain the anaphoric article

Answer 6

1. first use of the substantive is usually anarthrous
2. subsequent mentions use article (most common use and easiest to identify)
3. typically will have at least mentioned in same book, but preferably in the same passage
4. Can by used with synonyms
5. Can translate with demonstrative if necessary

Question 7

Explain the deictic article

Answer 7

1. used to point out something/one that is present at the moment
2. has demonstrative force

Question 8

Explain the par excellence article

Answer 8

1. “in a class by itself”

2. best or worst of a class

Question 9

Explain the monadic article

Answer 9

1. one-of-a-kind-noun
2. When an articular substantive has an adjuct (adjective or gen. phrase) the entire expression often suggests monadic; if no modifier is used, the article is typically par excellence (thus, “the kingdom of God” is monadic, while “the kingdom” is par excellence.)

Question 10

Explain the well-known article

Answer 10

1. Well known for some other reason

2. but not previously mentioned (anaphoric), only kind (monadic), nor best in its class (par excellence)

Question 11

Explain the article used with abstract nouns

Answer 11

1. nouns that focus more on quality (frequent)

2. In translating the article should rarely be used

Question 12

Explain the article as a substantiver

Answer 12

1. can turn almost any part of speech into a noun (adverbs, adjectives, prepositions phrases, particles, infinitives, participles, and finite verbs; and can turn phrases into nominal entity; most common with adjective and participles)

Question 13

Explain the use of the article as a function marker

Answer 13

1. when the article is used as a grammatical function marker, it may or may not also bear a semantic force