Wallace_Perfect and Pluperfect

Question 1

What is the intensive perfect? (aka resultative)

Answer 1

1. used to emphasize the results or present state produced by a past action. (common)
2. does not exclude the notion of a completed act; rather it focuses on the resultant state

Question 2

What is the extensive perfect? (aka consummative)

Answer 2

1. used to emphasize the completion of a past action or the process form which a present state emerges (common)
2. emphasis is on the completed even in the past rather than present results (though it does not mean the present results are absent, just not emphasized)

Question 3

What is the intensive pluperfect? (resultative) And how should it be translated?

Answer 3

1. places the emphasis on the results that existed in past time (common)
2. translate as a simple past tense (“the were weary” “Their city was built…”)