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EoM > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Water soluble (Non-B)

A

Absorbic Acid

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2
Q

Water soluble (B-Complex)

A 
-Energy releasing 
B1- thiamine
B2- riboflavin
B3-niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
-Hematopoietic: Folic acid, B12
-Others - B6-pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine
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3
Q

Fat soluble

A

Vit A - retinol
Vit D - cholecalciferol
Vit E - tocopherols
Via K - phylloquinones, menaquinones

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4
Q

Retinoids

A

-family of compounds related to retinol, vision, growth, reproduction, maintenance of epithelial tissues.

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5
Q

Retinol

A

Found in animal issues

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6
Q

Retinal

A

-oxidation of retinol, can be interconverted

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7
Q

Retinoic Acid

A

-mediates most of actions of retinoids except vision

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8
Q

B-carotene

A
  • forms two molecules of retinal
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9
Q

Absorption and Transport

A
  • retinol esters in diet, hydrolyzed in intestine—-> retinol + FFA
  • Reesterified to long chain FA in mucosa and secreted with the chylomicrons
  • retinol stored in liver
  • transported by plasma retinol binding protein
  • receptor mediated uptake in cells - RAR
  • activates gene transcription
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10
Q

Mechanism of action of Vit A

A
  1. Retinoic acid binds to receptor proteins in nucleus of target tissues
  2. Stimulates retinoids specific RNA synthesis
  3. RA-receptor protein part of the superfamily of transcription regulators that include (steroid and thyroid hormones, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
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11
Q

Functions of Vit A

A
  1. Vision - component of visual pigment (rhodopsin) 11-cis retinal bound to opsin
  2. Rhodopsin - all trans retinal + opsin + nerve impulse
  3. Regeneration
  4. Isomeric action of all trans retinal to 11-ICS retinal
  5. Spontaneous combination with opsin—-> rhodopsin
  6. Growth - deprivation results in loss of appetite, slow bone growth, CNS damage
  7. Reproduction - retinol and retinal support spermatogenesis and prevent fetal resorption. RA inactive in reproduction and vision but promotes growth and differentiation of epithelial tissue.
  8. Maintenance of epithelial cells - essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells
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12
Q

Sources of Vit A

A
  • Liver, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolk -preformed Vit A
  • Dark green and yellow fruit and veggies are sources of Beta-carotene
  • Deficiency - night blindness, xerophthalmia (dryness of conjunctiva and cornea, cornea ulceration follows, which can lead to blindness)
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13
Q

Vit A clinical indications

A

Acne and psoriasis - topical application of all trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) for mild: 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin) orally for severe cases
-prevention of chronic disease- populations with high beta-carotene have decreased heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration

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14
Q

Toxicity of retinoids

A
  1. Hypervitaminosis A - exceeding 7.5 mg/day, dry skin, enlarged, cirrhosis liver, rise in intracranial pressure, excess in pregnancy could cause congenital malformation in fetus
  2. Isotretinoin - teratogenic and absolutely contraindicated in women of childbearing potential potential unless severe acne is unresponsive. Prolonged treatment can lead to hyperlipidemia and increased LDL/HDL, increased risk for CVD
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15
Q

Vit D

A
  • group of sterols with hormone like functions
  • Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol - preformed D activity
  • may be synthesized by light from 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin
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16
Q

Function of 1,25-diOH D3

A
  • maintain adequate levels of Ca by:
    1. Increasing uptake of Ca by intestine
    2. Decreasing Ca loss by kidney
    3. Stimulating resorption of bone if necessary to maintain serum Ca
17
Q

Vit D3

A

-fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

18
Q

Vit D clinical indications

A

Deficiency - rickets in children cause by incomplete mineralization of bone

  • Osteomalacia in adults caused by demineralization of pre existing bones
  • RDA - 200IU/day, 800IU/day can reduce osteoporotic fractures
  • Renal rickets - from chronic renal failure, inability to form active 1,25-diOH D3
  • Hypoparathyroidism - causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
19
Q

Vit D toxicity

A

Most toxic of all vitamins
-fat soluble so it can be stored in your body
Lack of Vit D causes loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, bone resorption and deposition of calcium in organs

20
Q

Vit E

A
  • family of tocopherols, alpha-tocopherols is most active
    Primary function - antioxidant in cell lipid components
    2) Sources: vegetable oils, liver, eggs
    RDA - 10mg/day for men, 8 for women
    3) deficiency
    -restricted to premature infants
    -supplemental not recommended for any prevention of chronic disease
21
Q

Vit K

A
  • blood clotting
  • Prothrombin factors 2,7,9 and 10
  • not enough K and no carboxylation reaction, not allowing clotting
    1) sources of Vit K : cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk and liver, also synthesized by gut bacteria
  • no RDA
    2) toxicity - prolonged administration can produce hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants
22
Q

B-vitamins

A
  • water soluble, have important functions as coenzymes or constituents of coenzymes essential in metabolism
  • whole grains and cereals are good sources
23
Q

Thiamine (B1)

A
  • thiamine pyrophosphate is active form
  • acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of alpha-ketols and oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids
  • oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate is important in energy metabolism especially the nervous system
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - dietary insufficiency or malabsorption
24
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A
  • water soluble and light sensitive
  • function as flavin coenzymes (FAD, FADH)
  • Flavins are important for: energy production, metabolism of drugs and toxins, antioxidant, protects against cataract formation, maintains the integrity of mucous membranes, activates B6, promotes nail, skin and hair health
  • Deficiency may lead to anemia by impairing Fe absorption, also ariboflavinosis
25
Q

Niacin (B3)

A

-name from nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
- NAD and NADP serve as coenzymes in redox reactions
- NAD functions in degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and alcohol
-NADP functions in synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol
Niacin deficiency - pellagra; rash on skin normally exposed to sunlight, and on both sides of the body

26
Q

Pyridoxine- Vit B6

A
  • biologically active as Pyridoxal phosphate
  • functions as a coenzyme in reactions catalyzing AA’s
    Transamination: oxaloacetate +glutaminate —–> aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate
    Deamination: serine —–> pyruvate + NH3
    Decarboxylation: histidine —–> histamine + CO2
    Condensation: Gly + succinyl CoA—-> gamma-aminolevulinic acid
    Deficiencies occur with: alcoholics, oral contraceptives, newborns with low B6 formulas, isoniazid treatment of tuberculosis
27
Q

Folic Acid- Vit B9

A
  • essential in one-carbon metabolism for synthesis of number of compounds.
  • most common deficiency in US
    Tetrahydrofolate - receives one-carbon fragments from donors ( Ser, Gly, His) transfers them to intermediate sin synthesis of amino acids, purines and thimidine
28
Q

Causes of folic acid deficiency

A
  • pregnancy, poor absorption, alcoholism
  • treat deficiency with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
  • folate and neural tube defects result
  • folic acid supplementation eliminates the neural defects and anencephaly
29
Q

Vit B12

A
  • cobalamin contains a corrin ring system, cobalt is held in the center of the rings. Commercial preparation is cyanocobalamin
  • converts homocysteine to methionine
  • converts methylmalonyl CoA to Succinyl CoA
  • synthesized only by microorganisms, not plants
  • animals obtain B12 preformed in foods derived from other animals
  • intrinsic factor, a glycoproteins synthesized by the gastric parietal cells is essential for B12 absorption
  • Significant amounts of B12 are stored in the body
30
Q

Deficiency of B12

A
  • pernicious anemia
  • CNS symptoms: numbness and tingling, difficulty maintaining balance, depression, confusion, dementia, poor memory, mouth soreness
31
Q

Absorbing Acid - Vit C

A
  • essential coenzyme in hydroxyl action reactions, especially collagen production
  • required for wound healing, normal connective tissue maintenance
  • facilitates Fe absorption in the small intestine
  • water soluble antioxidant
  • deficiency results in scurvy characterized by gingival hemorrhage, corkscrew hair with petechiae, periungual hemorrhage, bruising and swollen joints
32
Q

Biotin

A
  • metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins
  • cooperates with blaming B2, B3, and B6
  • manufacture of glycogen, fat and detoxification
  • source: food, made by the bacteria in the intestines
  • essential in cell growth
  • chronic eating of raw egg whites limits biotin absorption.
33
Q

Pantothenic acid

A
  • Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein
  • CoA contains a thiol group to carry the acyl group as an activated thiol ester
  • Sources: eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed
  • No RDA
34
Q

Iron

A
  • essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin production as well as co-factor for many reactions
  • deficiency leads to anemia, characterized by pale mucous membranes in the eye and tongue
35
Q

Calcium

A
  • essential for bone mineralization, activator of glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, insulin release, muscle action, nitric oxide synthase, cell signaling, clotting
36
Q

Iodine

A
  • essential in small amounts to make thyroid hormones
  • Iodine deficiency disorders: goiter, cretinism, reduced mental and physical development, increased perinatal and neonatal mortality

EoM (17 decks)

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