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1
Q

Resp: Birth

A

40-60

2
Q

Pulse: Birth

A

140-160

3
Q

BP: Birth

A

70 Systolic

4
Q

Resp: Neonate

A

30-40

5
Q

Pulse: Neonate

A

100-160

6
Q

BP: Neonate

A

70-90

7
Q

Resp: At 1 yr

A

20-30

8
Q

Pulse: At 1 yr

A

100-120

9
Q

BP: At 1 yr

A

90 systolic

10
Q

Resp: Toddler

A

20-30

11
Q

Pulse: Toddler

A

80-130

12
Q

BP: Toddler

A

70-100

13
Q

Resp: Preschooler

A

20-30

14
Q

Pulse: Preschooler

A

80-120

15
Q

BP: Preschooler

A

80-110

16
Q

Resp: School Age

A

20-30

17
Q

Pulse: School Age

A

70-110

18
Q

BP: School Age

A

80-120

19
Q

Resp: Adolescent

A

12-20

20
Q

Pulse: Adolescent

A

55-105

21
Q

BP: Adolescent

A

100-120

22
Q

Resp: Early Adulthood

A

16-20

23
Q

Pulse: Early Adulthood

A

70

24
Q

BP: Early Adulthood

A

120/80

25
Q

Resp: Middle Adulthood

A

16-20 Late depends on pt health

26
Q

Resp: Middle Adulthood

A

70 Late depends on pt health

27
Q

BP: Middle Adulthood

A

120/80 Late depends on pt health

28
Q

Ventilation Rate with a Pulse: Adult

A

10 - 12 or 1 every 5-6 seconds

29
Q

Ventilation Rate with a Pulse: 1 mo to Adult

A

12-20 or 1 every 3-5 seconds

30
Q

Ventilation Rate with a Pulse: Newborn

A

40-60 or one every 1 to 1.5 seconds

31
Q

One Person Ventilation without a Pulse: 1 mo to Adult

1 rescuer

A

30 compressions to 2 ventilation

32
Q

One Person Ventilation without a Pulse: Newborn

1 rescuer and 2 rescuer

A

3 compressions to 1 ventilation

33
Q

Two Person Ventilation without a Pulse: Adult

2 rescuer

A

30 compressions to 2 ventilation

34
Q

Two Person Ventilation without a Pulse: 1 mo to Adolescent

2 rescuer

A

15: 2

35
Q

Ventilation Rate without Pulse: Advanced Airway

1 mo to Adult

A

8-10 per minute or one every 6-8 seconds

100 compressions with no pause for ventilation

36
Q

Ventilation Rate without Pulse: Advanced Airway

Neonate to 30 days

A

30 per minute or one ventilation after every 3 compressions

37
Q

Normal BP Formula: Adult Male

A

100 + age to 40: Diastolic 60-85

38
Q

Normal BP Formula: Adult Female

A

90 + age to 40: Diastolic 60-85

39
Q

Normal BP Formula: Adolescent

A

90mm lower limit normal: 2/3 of systolic

40
Q

Normal BP Formula: 1-10years

A

Upper Limit: 90 + 2x Age
Middle Range: 80 + 2x Age
Lower Limit: 70 + 2x Age

41
Q

Normal BP Formula: Infant

A

70 mm lower limit of normal: 2/3 of systolic

42
Q

When do you do chest compressions for a neonate

A

HR 60 bpm → Chest compressions can be
stopped
want to see improvement within 30 seconds
baby placed in sniffing position

Chest Compressions: Indications
Heart rate remains less than 60 beats per minute
(bpm) despite 30 seconds of effective positive pressure
ventilation

Chest Compressions: Coordination With Ventilation
• One cycle of 3 compressions and 1 breath takes 2 seconds
• The breathing rate is 30 breaths per minute and the compression rate is 90 compressions per minute. This equals 120 “events” per minute

43
Q

When do you ventilate a baby

A

Resp 100 bpm and breathing → Positivepressure
ventilation can be stopped
want to see improvement within 30 seconds
baby placed in sniffing position

44
Q

Sympathetic Response

A
Pupils Dilate
Saliva Decreases
Bronchioles Dilate
Blood Vessels Constrict
Epinephrine Secreted
Sweat Increases
Gastric Juices Decrease
Heart Rate Increases
45
Q

Parasympathetic Response

A

Pupils constrict
Saliva decreases
Bronchioles Constrict
Blood Vessels Dilate

Gastric Juices increase
Heart Rate decreases

46
Q

Alpha 1 effects

A

vessels constrict - skin significantly affected (pale & cool)
sweat glands release sweat - skin clammy

47
Q

Alpha 2….

A

regulates the release of Alpha 1

48
Q

Beta 1 effects

A

Related to the heart
HR increase
Force of Contraction increase
Electrical Impulses speed up

One heart and two lungs

49
Q

Beta 2 effect

A

Dilate smooth muscle - especially bronchioles and some vessels

One heart and two lungs

50
Q

Epinephrine

A

Has Alpha 1, 2, Beta 1, 2
The bronchodialation from Epi-Pen is a B2 effect

Adverse reactions to adrenaline include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, panic attack, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema.[49]

Use is contraindicated in people on nonselective β-blockers, because severe hypertension and even cerebral hemorrhage may result. Although commonly believed that administration of adrenaline may cause heart failure by constricting coronary arteries, this is not the case. Coronary arteries have only β2 receptors, which cause vasodilation in the presence of adrenaline. Even so, administering high-dose adrenaline has not been definitively proven to improve survival or neurologic outcomes in adult victims of cardiac arrest.[52]

51
Q

Narrow Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between the Systolic and Diastolic is less the 25% of Systolic

Narrow (low) pulse pressure: shock, cardiac tamponade (blood filling the pericardial sac, compressing the heart), tension pneumothorax (injury to one lung, causing pressure on the heart and the other lung).

⬇️ in cardiac output, ⬆️ SVR, ⬇️Systolic, ⬆️ Diastolic

52
Q

Orthostatic Vital Signs Test (Tilt Test)

A

Measures heart rate and blood pressure for a patient while supine and while standing up. A positive result occurs when the heart rate increases 10-20 bpm and the blood pressure decreases 10-20 mmHg up standing up. This indicates significant blood loss.

it can mean that the patient is dehydrated, is experiencing hypovolemic shock, has some type of cardiac compromise or an arrythmia, is anemic, has a problem regulating their blood pressure, has an electrolyte imbalance, and a few other conditions. It can also be caused by medications such as Beta Blockers or even Viagra. Orthostatic Hypotension is also a common cause of Syncope, or fainting

53
Q

Critical (Severe) Burns

A

Any burn injury complicated by respiratory tract injuries or other accompanying major traumatic injury

Full or partial thickness burns involving the face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, genitalia, respiratory tract, or major joints

Full or partial thickness burn injury covering 10% or more BSA

An partial thickness burn injury covering 25% or more BSA in adults 50yr

Burn injuries complicated by a suspected fracture to an extremity

Any burn that encircles a body part (e.g. arm, leg, chest)

Any burn classified as moderate in an adult younger than 55 is considered critical in adult older than 55

Children under age 5:
full or partial > 20 % BSA

Any burn involving the face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, genitalia, respiratory tract, or major joints

Any burn classified as moderate for an adult

54
Q

Moderate Burns

A

Full thickness burns with 2-10% BSA excluding the face, eyes, ears, hands, feet, genitalia, respiratory tract, or major joints

Partial thickness burns with 15-25% BSA involvement

Partial thickness burns of 20% or more in adults younger than 50 years or 10% or more in adults older than 50

Children under age 5:
Any partial thickness burn of 10-20% BSA

55
Q

Minor Burns

A

full thickness burns involving less than 2% BSA
partial thickness burns less than 15% BSA
superficial burns less than 50% BSA

children less than 5
any partial thickness burn less than 10% BSA

56
Q

Wide Pulse Pressure found in

A

⬆️ Inter-cranial Pressure
cardiac tamponade
tension pneumotharax

57
Q

Difference in BP of greater than 20 could indicate:

A

It has been shown that there may be a normal 10 to 20mmHg difference in blood pressure between the arms in a small minority of patients. Therefore it is important to take blood pressure readings from both arms when diagnosing hypertension. It is also useful to note when there is a difference in readings above 20mmHg from one arm to another. This can be a sign of Increased intra-thoracic pressure, a Thoracic Aneurism, or something called “Subclavian Steal Syndrome”.

In a thoracic aneurism, a condition with a mortality rate reaching up to 80%, the aortic arch in the chest is compromised. This results in severe pain (usually described as “ripping” or “tearing”), hypotension, and usually death if it ruptures. As the aneurism tears, it compromises the entrance to the right subclavian artery before the left, causing the blood pressure in the right arm to drop. This is an important diagnostic tool to use in diagnosing chest pain and should be documented.

58
Q

Pulsus Paradoxus

A

is a condition where the heart’s pumping capacity is compromised by the thoracic pressure and the blood pressure rises and falls with inspiration and exhalation. The blood pressure drops (and sometimes even the radial pulse disappears) with inspiration and rises again with exhalation based upon the volume/pressure of air in the chest. The “paradox” results from the fact that you can hear cardiac beats on auscultation of (listening to) the chest, but cannot detect them with the blood pressure and/or pulse.

What does this mean?

Lots of conditions can cause Pulsus Paradoxus and roughly they can be broken down into three groups: Cardiac causes, Pulmonary Causes, and Other causes.

First, let’s give a nod to the other causes, the non-cardiac and non-pulmonary causes, which are Anaphylaptic Shock and an obstruction of the superior vena cava.

The cardiac causes can be: (and THANK YOU Wikipedia for being smarter than me and very accessible)

cardiac tamponade – A “bruise” of the heart resulting in the pericardial sac filling with blood that cannot escape and compromises cardiac function. (Treated with a pericardiocentesis, which some EMS providers can do in the field. I can).
constrictive pericarditis – Inflammation or purulent (puss-filled) infection of the heart which compromises pumping ability.
pericardial effusion – Fluid around the heart
pulmonary embolism – A blockage in the pulmonary artery or vein
cardiogenic shock – Impaired pumping ability of the heart due to cardiac damage or other compromise. Commonly seen in severe myocardial infarctions. (Heart attacks)
It can also be caused by pulmonary (lung) conditions, such as a tension pnuemothorax, COPD, and sometimes in severe and acute asthma, where the patient traps so much inhaled air in the lungs that they cannot exhale the excess pressure due to the inflammation of the air passages.

When you see these signs, make sure to take multiple blood pressure measurements to trend the patient’s progression. Calculate their Pulse Pressures, as cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and other conditions are characterized by narrowing of pulse pressure and compromised cardiac output also resulting in hypotension.

59
Q

Cushings Triad

A

Cushing’s reflex, is a group of symptoms that has been shown to reveal increased intracranial pressure (ICP), the pressure within the cranial vault around the brain. This reflex shows three distinct signs which are predictive of Stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic), intracranial bleeding, head trauma, and some other conditions that raise ICP. These signs are:

Slowed pulse rate
Markedly increased systolic pressure (high BP) with widened pulse pressure, as the diastolic pressure usually stays normal, and:
Irregular breathing (Cheyne-Stokes pattern respirations)
Any time you suspect an injury or condition that may raise ICP, check the blood pressure and look for Cushing’s Reflex. It can help you zero in on the patient’s condition.

60
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

breathing - mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

61
Q

External respiration

A

gas exchange btwn the alveoli & surrounding pulmonary capillaries

62
Q

Internal Respiration

A

cell/capillary gas exchange

63
Q

Cellular respiration

A

aerobic metabolism - use of glucose and O2 to produce ATP releasing CO2 as a by-product

64
Q

Signs of Severe Hypoxia

A

Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Cyanosis

Tachycardia may lead to dysrhythmias and eventually bradycardia

Severe Confusion
Loss of Coordination
Sleepy Appearance
Head Bobbing
Slow Reaction Time
Altered Mental Status
Seizure
65
Q

Signs of Mild to Moderate Hypoxia

A
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Pale, cool, clammy skin (early)
Tacycardia
⬆️BP
Restlessness and agitation
Disorientation & confusion
Headache
66
Q

In a newborn bradycardia may be

A

a early sign of hypoxia

ie a HR of 80 in a weak old infant may be an indication of hypoxia as you would expect a HR of 120-150

67
Q

For a patient to have adequate breathing…

A

both rate and tidal volume must be ok

✅Normal respiratory rate
✅clear and equal breath sounds
✅adequate air movement heard and felt from nose and mouth
good chest rise and fall

what is the rate, rhythm and quality

is breathing full and deep
shallow and fast…

68
Q

alveolar ventialtion

A

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli

dead volume ~150ml in an adult

69
Q

Respiratory Distress

A

patient is working harder to breath

rate and volume are still adequate

needs supplemental O2

70
Q

D cylinder

A

350L

71
Q

E cylinder

A

625L

72
Q

M cylinder

A

3000L

73
Q

G cylinder

A

5300L

74
Q

H cylinder

A

6900L

75
Q

Pressure Regulator reduces the pressure in an O2 tank to

A

30-70 psi
tank full at 2000 PSI
controls flow from 1-15

76
Q

Indications for Oxygen use:

A


Any patient in cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest (100
percent oxygen, or as close to 100 percent as possible, attached to a ventilation device)

Any patient who is being ventilated via positive pressure ventilation

Any signs of hypoxia in a patient with an adequate respiratory rate and an adequate tidal volume (amount
of air breathed in and out)

Any patient with an SpO2
reading less than 94%, depending on the condition

Medical conditions that may cause hypoxia to cells or
organs, such as stroke, heart attack, drug overdose,
toxic inhalation, suffocation, foreign body airway obstruction, drowning, asthma attack, allergic reaction, seizures, poisoning, and environmental emergencies
where the patient is exhibiting signs and symptoms
of hypoxia, shock, or heart failure, or complains of dyspnea.

Any patient with an altered mental status or who is
unresponsive
• Injuries to any body cavity or central nervous system component, including head, spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Multiple fractures and multiple soft tissue injuries

Severe bleeding that is either external or internal

Any evidence of hypoperfusion (shock)

Exposure to toxins (e.g., carbon monoxide, cyanide)

There are conditions such as ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, and post-resuscitation from cardiac arrest in which making too much oxygen available in the arterial blood may increase the damage to the tissue once reperfusion of the ischemic area is achieved.
Based on the current research, found in the American
Heart Association guidelines of 2010, patients with acute
coronary syndrome who are exhibiting evidence of hypoxia or hypoxemia, have a complaint of dyspnea, have signs of heart failure, and have an SpO2
of 94% should receive supplemental oxygen. In these cases, a nasal cannula, not a nonrebreather mask, will be applied, starting with a liter flow of 2 lpm and titrated upward
based on the patient’s response to the oxygen therapy.

the AHA 2010 guidelines, a
patient suspected of having an acute ischemic stroke should receive oxygen only if evidence of hypoxemia is present, such as an SpO2 reading of <94%, a nasal cannula is applied and 2 to 4lpm of oxygen is administered. It is no longer deemed appropriate to provide oxygen by a nonrebreather mask at 15 lpm in an attempt to maximize the oxygen concentration in the arterial blood.

77
Q

when to deliver oxygen

A

If either the respiratory
rate or the tidal volume is inadequate, immediately begin positive pressure ventilation with oxygen flowing at 15lpm to the ventilation device.

A patient who exhibits any evidence of hypoxia, hypoxemia, or poor perfusion should receive supplemental oxygen. Supplemental oxygen should also be administered if any of the following are present:

The patient has an SpO2
reading of <94% or the oxygen saturation level is unknown

The patient complains of dyspnea or exhibits signs of respiratory distress

Signs of poor perfusion are present (pale, cool, and clammy skin; delayed capillary refill; hypotension; decreased mental status)

Obvious signs of heart failure

Suspected shock

Any situation or condition in which hypoxia or hypoxemia is suspected

78
Q

Signs of Inadequate Breathing

A
Signs of Inadequate Breathing and need PPV
Abnormal work of breathing
•	 retractions
•	 nasal flaring
•	 abdominal breathing
•	 diaphoresis
•	 Abnormal breath sounds
•	 stridor
•	 wheezing
•	 crackles
•	 silent chest (no breath sounds heard)
•	 unequal breath sounds (trauma, infection,pneumothorax)
•	 Reduced minute ventilation
•	 decreased tidal volume
•	 inadequate respiratory rate
•	 Inadequate chest wall movement or chest wall injury
•	 paradoxical chest wall movement
•	 splinting of the chest wall
•	 asymmetrical chest wall movement
•	 Irregular respiratory pattern (head injury, stroke, metabolic derangement, toxic inhalation)
•	 Rapid respiratory rate without clinical improvement in the patient’s condition
79
Q

common causes of dypsnea in the geriatric pt

A
Congestive Heart failure
Chronic Bronchitis
Pulmonary Embolism
Pneumonia
Pulmonary Edema
Heart Attach
Asthma
Emphysema
80
Q

common causes of AMS in the geriatric pt

A
Head Injury
Cardiac dysrhythmias and acure coronary syndromes
Delirium, dementia and Alzheimer disease
Seizure
Infection
Medication or drug toxicity
Shock or sever dehydration
Hypoxia or hyperthermia
Stroke and TIA
Blood glucose abnormality
81
Q

Vital Signs in the geriatric pt

A

the resting RR is normally higher
the resting HR in normally higher
The skin is normally dry & less elastic
Fever is less common, even with infection
systolic BP will increase, making systolic hypertension more common..the hypertension may give a false reading with blood loss or dehydration & will fall rapidly in decompensation

The pupils are more sluggish to respond to light

82
Q

TRACEM

A
Thermal
Radiological
Asphyxiation
Chemical
Etiological
Mechanical
83
Q

Blue Diamond Placard

A

Health Hazard

Higher the #, higher the hazard

84
Q

Red Diamond Placard

A

Fire

85
Q

Yellow Diamond Placard

A

Reactivity

86
Q

White Diamond Placard

A

Symbols like radioactivity, oxidation, PPE

87
Q

RAIN

A

Recognize
Avoid
Isolate
Notify

88
Q

Triage reports to and does..

A

Incident Command
Operations Section Chief
EMS Branch Director
Triage Unit Leader

Triage Personnel
Primary and Secondary Triage

89
Q

Treatment reports to and does..

A

Incident Command
Operations Section Chief
EMS Branch Director
Tx Unit Leader

Immediate Tx
Delayed Tx
Minor Tx

90
Q

Transport reports to and does..

A

Incident Command
Operations Section Chief
EMS Branch Director
Transport Unit Leader

Ground Ambulance
Air Ambulance
Medical Command

91
Q

Staging reports to and does..

A

Incident Command
Operations Section Chief
EMS Branch Director
Staging Unit Leader

Ground Ambulance
Air Ambulance
Medical Equipment Unit Leader

92
Q

Morgue Unit reports to

A

Incident Command
Operations Section Chief
EMS Branch Director
Morgue Unit Leader

93
Q

START Triage

A

Simple Triage and Rapid Transport

Used older than 8 and greater than 100 ponds

Uses RPM

Walking Wounded - Green

No Open airway/respiration-Black

Red

94
Q

RPM

A

Respiration
Perfusion
Mental Status

95
Q

Start Triage: Who is red tagged

A

Resp >30
Cap refill >2 sec
Altered Mental Status - Doesn’t Obey Commands

Pediatric
Breathing after opening airway & 5 rescue breaths
Resp Rate >15 and <45
No palpable pulse 
Inappropriate posturing or unresponsive
Secondary Triage:
Airway and breathing difficulties
Uncontrolled of severe bleeding
Decreased Mental Status
Severe Medical Problems: poisoning, diabetic and cardiac emergencies
Severe burns
shock (hypoperfusion)
96
Q

Start Triage: Who is Yellow tagged

A

Unable to walk
Resp rate 15 and <45
Palpable Pulse
Alert or responds to verbal or painful stimuli

Secondary Triage
Burns without airway problems
Major or Multiple bone or joint injuries
back injuries with or without spinal cord damage