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Neuroscience 101 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

sclera

A

The white part of the eye

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2
Q

Optic nerve

A

the axons carrying information from the retina to near the pituitary gland

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3
Q

macula

A

the part of the retina for central vision

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4
Q

fovea

A

dark spot on the retina. This is the thinnest spot of the retina

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5
Q

cornea

A

The part of the eye near the iris which maintains the eyes refractive power

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6
Q

ganglion cells

A

cells firing action potentials in response to light. Ganglion cells are the only source of output from the retina

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7
Q

photoreceptors

A

the only light sensitive cells in the retina

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8
Q

laminar organization

A

The layerized structure of the visual system cells

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9
Q

two types of photoreceptors

A

cones and rods. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones

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10
Q

rhodopsin

A

a receptor protein activated by light

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11
Q

How is a signal amplified in transduction

A

by using a biochemical cascade process

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12
Q

biochemical cascade by light energy

A

activation of rhodopsin by light causes the g-protein to exchange GDP for for GTP which in turn activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). PDE breaks down cCMP and shuts the dark current

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13
Q

dark current

A

cGMP gates a sodium channel causing an inward Na+ current and depolarization

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14
Q

ON and OFF cells

A

ON cells are depolarized by light whereas OFF cells are depolarized by lack of light

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15
Q

classification of ganglion cells

A

appearance, connectivity and electrophysiological properties

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16
Q

Two major types of ganglion cells

A

M-type and P-type. P stands for parvo “small”, M form Magno “large”. about 5% are non-M-non-P

17
Q

Neurotransmitter used by ganglion cells

A

glutamate

18
Q

V1

A

visual area one, the striate cortex

19
Q

functions of the ventral stream

A

thought to be involved in the perception of the visual world and the recognition of objects

20
Q

Area MT

A

an area of the dorsal stream specialized in processing object motio. Receives input at least from V2 and V3.

Neurons in area MT have large receptive fields, almost all cells are direction-selective unlike areas in other parts of the dorsal stream or ventral stream.

21
Q

MST

A

an area sensitive to linear motion, radial motion and circular motion

22
Q

The ventral stream

A

a progression of areas from V1, V2, V3 running ventrally toward the temporal lobes. Specialized in for the analysis of visual attributes other than motion.

23
Q

Area V4

A

Neurons in V4 have larger receptive fields than cells in the striate cortex. Many cells are orientation selective and color selective.

It appears that this area is important for shape recognition and color perception.

24
Q

Achromatopsia

A

A rare syndrome resulting in the loss of color vision. Associated with cortical damage in the occipital and temporal lobes. V1, LGN intact . Suggest color processing in ventral stream. No clear link to V4.

25
Q

Area IT

A

Area with complicated spatial receptive field. Takes input from V4. Colors and abstract shapes stimulate. Important for visual perception and visual memory. Some neurons respond strongly to faces.

26
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Difficulty in recognizing faces. associated with damage to extrastriate visual cortex.

27
Q

What is the LGN

A

The lateral geniculate nucleus. It is where visual information ascens to the cerebral cortex.

28
Q

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

A

It interprets and remembers visual information.

29
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Cone and rod photoreceptors.

30
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

A receptor protein with a prebound chemical agonist.

31
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by photoreceptors when depolarized?

A

Glutamate

32
Q

When are photoreceptors depolarized?

A

When in the dark.

33
Q

What are the two categories of bipolar cells?

A

ON and OFF

34
Q

How do OFF cells depolarize?

A

The influx of Na+ causes and EPSP

35
Q

how do ON cells depolarize?

A

They have G-protein coupled receptors and respond to glutamate by hyperpolarizing.

36
Q

What is a receptive field of a bipolar cell?

A

The area of retina that when stimulated with light, changes the cell’s membrane potential.

37
Q

What is the most common receptive field organization?

A

The center-surround.

Neuroscience 101 (12 decks)

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