vetabra + ribs Flashcards Preview

Anatomy 101 > vetabra + ribs > Flashcards

Flashcards in vetabra + ribs Deck (40)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

the function of the vertebrae column ?

A
•	Functions:
o	supports weight of head and trunk
o	protects spinal cord
o	allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord
o	site for muscle attachment
o	permits movement of the head and trunk
2
Q

how many bones in vertebrae column ?

A

26 bones – 24 vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

3
Q

how many regions are there in the vertebral column and how do they name it ?

A

o bbreviated by capital letter that indicates the region
o followed by a number that indicates the specific vertebra
♣ starts with lowest number at the cranial end and highest number at the caudal end of the region
o cervical (C1-C7)
o thoracic (T1-T12)
o lumbar (L1-L5)
o sacral (S1-S5) – only one in the adult
o coccygeal (Co1-Co5) – variable number but only one in the adult

4
Q

how many spinal curves in adult and kids

A

o 4 in adult but appearance changes from fetus to adult due to change in posture

5
Q

the point of spinal curves ?

how is it created ?

A

o most body weight lies in front of vertebral column and curvatures bring weight in line with body axis and center of gravity

6
Q

name the spinal curves

A

o cervical – curves ventrally
o thoracic – curves dorsally
o lumbar – curves ventrally
o sacral – curves dorsally

7
Q

abnormal spinal curves

ex:

A

o conditions and events that damage bones, muscles and nerves distorts shape and impairs function of vertebral column
may be temporary condition or may be due to disease or congenital defect
kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

8
Q

kyphosis ?

A

o exaggerated dorsal curvature of thoracic region

♣ most common in post-menopausal women (“dowager’s hump”) resulting from compression fractures

9
Q

lordosis ?

A

o (“swayback”) = exaggeration of ventral curve of lumbar region
♣ pregnancy or obesity resulting in weakness of abdominal muscles

10
Q

scoliosis

A

o lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column
♣ most common distortion of spine
♣ can result from developmental problems or muscle paralysis affecting one side of back
♣ idiopathic scoliosis – when underlying cause not known
• appears in girls during adolescence
♣ treatment includes: exercise, braces, and surgical straightening with implanted rods

11
Q

vertebrae has a body

A

• bony disk that is weight-bearing portion

o articulates with neighbouring vertebrae - interconnected by ligaments and separated by intervertebral discs

12
Q

vertebrae has a vertebral foramen

A

• large opening surrounded by arch and together with foramina of other vertebrae forms vertebral canal
o contains the spinal cord and cauda equine

13
Q

vertebrae has vertebral arch

A

• projects posteriorly from body
o pedicle = part attached to the posterolateral margins of the body
♣ lamina = thin plate that joins with lamina from other half of vertebrae to make the arch
♣ contain intervertebral notches
o transverse process extends laterally from each side of the arch
o spinous process extends posteriorly from the junction of the two lamellae
♣ seen and felt as series of lumps down the midline of the back

14
Q

vetebrae has a superior (2) and inferior (2) processes

A

• at junction between pedicles and laminae
o overlap of superior from one vertebra and inferior process from vertebra above increases rigidity of vertebral column
o articular facet – on end of each process

15
Q

vertebrae has a intervertebral foramina

A

• formed by articulation from processes and from notches of adjacent pedicle
o allows spinal nerves to exit spinal cord

16
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

• located between bodies of adjacent vertebrae
o provide additional support and prevent vertebral bodies from rubbing against each other
• compress with age so distance between vertebrae decreases – overall height of individual decreases, and more prone to herniation (portion squeezed out of place)

17
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • extend from occipital bone of skull to thorax

* have very small bodies – dislocations and fractures more common in this area

18
Q

• typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) have:

A
o	bifid (split) spinous processes
o	transverse foramen in each transverse process - only present in cervical vertebrae
♣	passageway for vertebral arteries and veins supplying the brain
19
Q

C1

A

• atlas (holds up the head) (Fig 6.22) – has no body and no spinous process
o has large superior articular facets where it articulates with the occipital condyles at the base of the skull
♣ permits nodding (“yes”) movement but prevents twisting

20
Q

C2

A

axis
• – contains the dens - a modified process on superior side of its small body
o fits into the large vertebral foramen of the atlas and held in place by transverse ligament
♣ allows head to rotate

21
Q

c7

A

• - has most prominent spinous process (vertebral prominens)

o ligamentum nuchae – large elastic ligament begins here and extends cranially to insert along external occipital crest

22
Q

whiplash

A

• traumatic hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae
o may result in fracture of spinous processes or herniated disc putting posterior pressure on spinal cord, spinal nerves, muscles, tendons and ligaments

23
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

• body thicker and heart shaped
• have long thin spinous processes directed inferiorly
• articular facets articulate with ribs
o T1-T8 have superior and inferior costal facets on border of body and pedicle
o T9-T-12 have only single facet
o T1-T10 have transverse costal facets on transverse process to articulate with tubercles of ribs

24
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • large, thick oval-shaped bodies

* rectangular spinous and transverse processes

25
Q

sacrum

A

• adult = 5 fused sacral vertebrae – with fusion complete ~age 25
• curved with convex dorsal surface
• apex = narrow caudal portion
• base = broad superior surface
• median sacral crest = partially fused spinous processes of first four sacral vertebrae
o sacral canal – extends the length of the sacrum
o sacral hiatus = end of sacral canal – often site for injection of anesthetics
• sacral foramina = lateral to midline
• auricular surfaces = lateral ear-shaped wings that join with the pelvic bones

26
Q

coccyx

A
  • adult = 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
  • most inferior portion of vertebral column
  • small and have no vertebral foramina or processes
  • attachment site for ligaments and muscle
27
Q

spina bifida

A

developmental condition of vertebral arches
• most common neural tube defect (NTD) associated with heredity and maternal diet
o low folic acid intake associated with NTD
♣ pregnant women – recommended intake 400 micrograms daily
• region affected and severity of condition vary widely
o most commonly involves 3-6 vertebrae in inferior thoracic, lumbar, or sacral region
• vertebral arch is incomplete so do not contain spinous process
• meninges surrounding spinal cord bulge outward

28
Q

rib cage

A

semi-rigid chamber that protects vital organs in thorax
= ribs and associated costal cartilages and sternum (thoracic cage includes thoracic vertebrae)
• increases and decreases in volume of thoracic cavity during respiration

29
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs of that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

30
Q

head (rib)

A

• articulates with bodies of two adjacent ribs

31
Q

tubercle (rib)

A

articulates with transverse process of inferior vertebra

32
Q

• body (shaft) (rib)

A

= main part of rib,
o angle = point of greatest curvature and weakest point that can be fractured in crushing injury
o sternal end = attaches to costal cartilage
o costal groove along inferior and medial border = bath for blood vessels and nerves

33
Q

true ribs

A

7 pairs

attach directly via their costal cartilages to the sternum

34
Q

false ribs

A

• 8th, 9th, 10th attach by common cartilage to the seventh ribs
5 pairs

35
Q

floating ribs

A

• – 11th and 12th do not attach to sternum

36
Q

sternum

A

flat bone that forms anterior midline of thoracic cage

• has three parts:

37
Q

name three parts of sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

38
Q

manubrium

A

o most cranial portion - articulates with clavicle and 1st rib
♣ jugular notch – located on superior margin and easily palpated
♣ sternal angle –prominence where inferior margin of manubrium and body of sternum meet

39
Q

body

A

♣ al angle –prominence where inferior margin of manubrium and body of sternum meet
o body – middle portion

40
Q

xiphoid process

A

o most caudal portion and no ribs attach here

♣ connection to body of sternum can be broken creating a spear of bone that can severely damage the liver