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Flashcards in Vascular History and Examination Deck (26)
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1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of a lumen

2
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

A clot

3
Q

What is an embolism?

A

When a clot is knocked off and lodges elsewhere

4
Q

What are the systemic effects of atherosclerosis?

A

HEAD - stroke, TIA, amaurosis, fugax
HEART - MI, angina
LEGS - intermittent claudication, critical leg ischaemia

5
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

A

Insufficient tissue perfusion initiated by existing atherosclerosis acutely compounded by either an embolus or thrombus. It is age related, prevalence 4 -7% UK

6
Q

What is ischaemic intermittent claudication?

A

Pain which comes on when walking and is relieved by rest

7
Q

What is critical ischaemia?

A

Pain which affects pt at rest, affectsfoot when elevated, May be relieved by dependancy - leads to tissue loss and gangrene

8
Q

What are the 5 risk factors for vascular disease?

A
Diabetes
Smoking
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolaemia
Family History
9
Q

What is an ulcer and what are they caused by?

A

A break in the skin / endothelium continuity.

Caused by: arterial, neuropathic (diabetic), venous, traumatic, connective tissue disorders

10
Q

Common medications taken by a pt with vascular disease?

A
Anti - platelets (aspirin, clopidogrel)
Statins
ACE - Inhibitors (-pril)
Beta blockers (-olol)
Calcium antagonists
Diuretics (bendroflumethaside)
Vasodilators
11
Q

What is arcus senilis?

A

Crescent around pupil = hypercholesterolaemia

12
Q

What is xanthelasma?

A

fatty deposits =hypercholesterolaemia

13
Q

What is angular stomatitis?

A

Inflamed angles of the mouth Caused by iron deficiency, anaemia, glossitis

14
Q

What is an embolic digital ischaemia?

A

Embolism lodged in the digital artery, causes tissue necrosis

15
Q

What is clubbing and what does it suggest?

A

Curved nail, oedema of nail bed. Suggests abnormal A-V shunt

16
Q

What is involved in a vascular examination?

A

Trophic changes - dry skin, hair loss, nail changes, cold
Colour, temp, capillary refill
Pulses - presence, pace, volume, rhythm
Burgers Test with the foot - pallor on elevation, rubor on dependancy

17
Q

What is ABPI

A

Anchial brachial pressure index. Compare BP of foot to arm, BP in foot will be very low compared to arm so ABPI should be less than 1

18
Q

What diagnoses can be used for PVD?

A

ABPI
Duplex dopper ultrasound
MRI - non invasive, limited resolution, venous filling
Angiography - dye into artery and take X ray

19
Q

How can a pt control PVD?

A

Increase exercise
Decrease smoking, weight, diet,
BP control and take antiplatelets

20
Q

What surgical treatment is available for PVD?

A

Angioplasty

Artery bypass

21
Q

What happens in a lower artery limb bypass?

A

Take a vein and turn it around (because of valves) and use it to bypass the blocked artery

22
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

Catheter with balloon inserted to stretch artery

23
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A

Abnormal dilation of artery (commonly the infra renal artery). Mostly occurs in men > 65 yrs
Weak arterial wall ( normal aorta 2- 3cm) but dilation >5cm. But >5.5cm it will burst and die

24
Q

What is EVAR?

A

Endovascular aneurysm repair (stent inside femoral arteries)

25
Q

What is carotid arterial disease?

A

Usually internal carotid. Plaque at the bifurcation of the carotid. If a bit is thrown off it will go into the cerebral circulation:
To cerebral cortex = facial weakness
To cortex = stroke
To retinal artery = reduced vision

26
Q

What is carotid endorterectomy?

A

When an artery is >70% narrowed, the lining of the artery is cleaned out and the artery is closed with a patch to reduce the risk of a stroke in the future