Vascular biology III

Question 1

What are factors that contribute to vascular wall stress?

Answer 1

Elevation in BP or increased flow

Question 2

How does high flow affect an vessel?

Answer 2

1. Larger lumen diameter2. Larger overall diameter3. Wall thickness stays the same

Question 3

How does low flow affect a vessel?

Answer 3

1. Smaller lumen diameter2. Smaller overall diameter3. Wall thickness stays the same

Question 4

How does a large artery respond to increased pressure?

Answer 4

Outward hypertrophy: 1. Thicker wall (larger overall diameter)2. Same lumenal diameter

Question 5

How does a small artery respond to increased pressure?

Answer 5

Inward hypertrophy:1. Wall gets thicker in an INWARD direction (same overall diameter)2. Smaller lumenal diameter

Question 6

How does an arteriole respond to increased pressure?

Answer 6

Three options:Inward hypertrophy:1. Increased wall thickness2. Decreased lumenal diameter3. Same overall thicknessInward (eutrophic) remodeling1. Decreased wall thickness2. Decreased wall diameterRarefaction (disappears)

Question 7

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 7

1. Endocardium2. Myocardium3. Epicardium

Question 8

What is found in the subendocardium?

Answer 8

1. Loose CT2. Small blood vessels3. Nerve fibers4. Purkinje cells or fibers (ventricles only)

Question 9

What are the layers of the endocardium?

Answer 9

1. Endothelium2. Subendothelial layer3. Myoelastic layer4. Subendocardium

Question 10

What are the three types of cardiocytes?

Answer 10

1. Contractile2. Myoendocrine3. Specialized conductive

Question 11

What are the important functions / characteristics of myoendocrine cells?

Answer 11

1. Atrial natriuretic factor2. B-type natriuretic factor ventricles)3. Diuresis and vasodilation

Question 12

Which myoendocrine cell is elevated in CHF?

Answer 12

B-type natriuretic factor

Question 13

What is anchored to the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 13

Cardiac muscles and valves

Question 14

What are the three layers of AV valves?

Answer 14

1. Atrialis2. Spongiosa3. Fibrosa

Question 15

What are the three layers of semilunar valves?

Answer 15

1. Fibrosa2. Spongiosa3. Ventricularis

Question 16

What is the function of the atrialis layer of AV valves?

Answer 16

Helps to contract valve

Question 17

What is the function of the spongiosa layer in AV valves?

Answer 17

Serves as a shock absorber

Question 18

What is the function of the fibrosa layer in AV and semilunar valves?

Answer 18

Mechanical integrity

Question 19

What are characteristics of SA node cells?

Answer 19

1. Smaller than atrial muscle cells2. Contain fewer myofibrils

Question 20

Where are Purkinje fibers located?

Answer 20

Subendocardium

Question 21

Cardiac stem cells and early committed cells can differentiate into what types of cells?

Answer 21

Cardiomyocytes, SMCs, and endothelial cells

Question 22

Activation of what cells can reconstitute necrotic myocardium?

Answer 22

Cardiac stem cells and early committed cells

Question 23

Where are cardiac stem cells and early committed cells located?

Answer 23

AV sulcus

Question 24

Do lymphatic capillaries contain pericytes or RBCs?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Do lymphatic capillaries contain leukocytes?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

What are characteristics of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 26

1. Thin blind-ended vessels2. Lined by a single layer of endothelial cells3. Basal lamina is INCOMPLETE or ABSENT4. Anchoring fibrils (microfibrils)5. Pericytes and smooth muscle cells ABSENT

Question 27

What are the characteristics of lymphatic ducts?

Answer 27

1. Similar to veins in structure2. Smooth muscle is found3. Vasa vasorum present

Question 28

LYVE-1 is specific to what type of cell?

Answer 28

Lymphatic endothelial cell

Question 29

What is the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever?

Answer 29

Immune response causes vegetations on mitral valve and Aschoff body formation - due to antibodies cross-reacting with self antigens in the heart and T-cell mediated reactions