Variation and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is heritable variation

A

A characteristic that can be passed onto future generations, eg. hair colour

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2
Q

What is non-heritable variation

A

A characteristic that cannot be passed on to future generations, eg, obesity

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3
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Controlled by multiple genes and provides a range of potential phenotypes, eg. height

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4
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

Controlled by one gene and provides determined categories of potential phenotypes

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5
Q

What is a ecological niche

A

the role, activities, and location of an organism in a habitat

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6
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

no two organisms can occupy exactly the same niche or else competition occurs

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7
Q

Give examples of selection pressures

A
Food Supply
Nesting sites
climate
pollution
Habitat destruction
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8
Q

Define a gene pool

A

the total of all the alleles present in a particular population at a certain time

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9
Q

Define genetic drift

A

the chance increase or decrease in allele frequencies over time

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10
Q

What size population does genetic drift affect most

A

A small population as there is a greater chance of alleles being lost

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11
Q

What is the founder effect

A

the loss of genetic variation in a new population by a very small number of individuals from a larger population

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12
Q

Describe stabilizing selection

A

Selects against the extremes of a phenotype

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13
Q

Describe directional selection

A

Selects against one extreme in favour of another

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14
Q

Describe disruptional selection

A

Selects against the median in favour of the extremes of a phenotype

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15
Q

What is allopatric speciation

A

Speciation due to a geological barrier causing isolation, eg. urbanisation, volcanic eruption etc…

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16
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

Speciation due to biological factors, eg. unfamiliar behaviour/courtship, gamete mortality, hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility

17
Q

What is a deme

A

breeding sub-units where groups of individuals breed with each other more readily than with members of other demes

18
Q

What is gene flow

A

the transfer of genetic variation from population to another