Variables Flashcards

1
Q

Variables

A
  • characteristics that vary
  • represent a concept
  • can have more than one value or level
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2
Q

Independent Variable

A
  • factor or predictor
  • in intervention studies it is the presumed cause of (or influence upon) a measured effect
  • variable that is manipulated
  • in predictive validity and prognosis studies it’s the variable that’s presumed to predict an outcome of interest
  • level=the number of forms or values the independent variable takes in a study
  • when there is 1 factor or IV in a study it is considered a single factor design
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3
Q

Dependen Variable

A
  • outcome of interest

- the variable that is hypothesized to be caused (or predicted) by the independent variable

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4
Q

Extraneous Variable

A
  • confounds relationship between independent and dependent variable
  • need to be anticipated and controlled for if possible
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5
Q

Discrete

A
  • can assume only distinct values

- dichotomous (one of two values) or polytomous (1 of many distinct values)

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6
Q

Continuous

A

-theoretically can assume infinitely finer degrees of measurement depending upon the instrument utilized

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7
Q

Single Factor Experimental Design

A
  • 1 IV
  • X, O notation used to describe designs
  • 4 types we reviewed: pretest, posttest control group design, post test only control group design, time series design, non-equivalent groups pre-post test control
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8
Q

Pre-test, Post-test, Control Group, One-Way Design

A
  • factor=IV
  • what is the effect of dynamic balance training on single leg stance time?
  • population from which you draw a representative sample
  • randomly assign sample into 2 groups: experimental and control
  • measure baseline single leg stance time (O1)
  • provide dynamic balance intervention to sample
  • measure baseline single leg stance time (O2)
  • 1 IV=dynamic balance training
  • 1 DV=single leg stance time
  • this is true experimental design
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9
Q

Post-test Only Control Group, One-Way Factorial Design

A
  • what is effect of dynamic balance training on single leg stance time?
  • population from which you draw a representative sample
  • random assignment into control or experimental group
  • provide dynamic balance intervention to experimental group
  • measure single leg stance time (O1)
  • one-way factorial design
  • 1 IV=dynamic balance training
  • 1 DV=single leg stance time
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10
Q

Time Series Design

A
  • single group
  • repeated measures over time
  • before and after experimental intervention
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11
Q

Non-Equivalent Groups Pre-Post Test Control

A

-non-equivalent control group design
-naturally occurring groups: gender, age, cohort
-baseline characteristics unlikely to be equal between groups
-effect of multimedia learning on orthopaedic foundation test scores of 1st and 2nd year DPT students
N O1 X O2
N O1 O2

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12
Q

One Group, Pre-Test, Post-Test, One-Way Repeated Measures Design

A
  • what is effect of dynamic balance training on single leg stance time?
  • population from which you draw a representative sample
  • measure baseline single leg stance time (O1)
  • provide dynamic balance intervention to sample
  • measure baseline single leg stance time (O2)
  • O1 X O2
  • repeated measures
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13
Q

One-Way Repeated Measures Design

A
  • what is effect of cane placement on hip muscle activity in individuals with hip pain
  • population from which you draw a representative sample
  • measure baseline hip activity (O1)
  • provide cane on contralateral side (X)
  • measure hip activity (O2)
  • move cane to ipsilateral side (X2)
  • measure hip activity (O3)
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14
Q

Controlling for Order Effects in One-Way Repeated Measures Design

A
  • randomize order that the levels of independent variable are presented to each subject
  • use a cross over design
  • 2 levels for IV cane placement (ipsilateral and contralateral side)
  • divide sample in half
  • one group begins with cane in CL side, one IL side
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15
Q

Factorial Design

A
  • more than 1 IV
  • each IV has 2+ levels
  • 2 IV: two-way factorial design
  • decide if each factor is a between groups or within groups factor
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16
Q

2-Way Factorial Design

A
  • what is effect of use of foot orthotic on O2 consumption when walking at 0% and 5% incline?
  • select sample from population
  • randomly assign sample into 2 groups: experimental and control
  • both groups walk at 0% and 5% incline
17
Q

Main Effects of Incline

A

-looking at only difference in VO2 between 0% and 5% incline

18
Q

Main Effects of Orthotics

A

-looking at only difference in VO2 between wearing orthotic and not wearing orthotic