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Flashcards in Unit 8 Exam Deck (44)
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1
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

researched human sexuality and mating processes. Created the Kinsey scale, on 1-6 scale of your sexuality.

2
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Best known for creating “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs” a pyramid of psychological needs ordered based upon their importance.

3
Q

William James

A

Contributor to the James-Lange Theory, the idea that physical arousal precedes emotional response.

4
Q

Stanley Schachter

A

Proposer of the idea that emotion is broken into two factors, those being physiological arousal and cognitive labels.

5
Q

Hans Selye

A

Known for work conducted upon the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to stressors. Do different organisms respond differently to stressors?

6
Q

Homeostasis

A

tendency for the body to maintain a constant or balanced internal state.

7
Q

The four primary perspectives to explain motivation are:

A

Instinct Theory, Drive-Reduction Theory, Arousal Theory, Hierarchy of Motives

8
Q

Instinct

A

complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout all members of a species and are not learned,

9
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Human motivation aims to seek optimum and higher levels of arousal

10
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

11
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

certain physiological and psychological needs have order and more importance with each other.
The respective order is Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs.

12
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

anorexic person is one who is 25 percent underweight, and continues to starve the self because of the feeling that they are “fat”

13
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

14
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

15
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

16
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s restoring rate of energy expenditure

17
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calories foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

18
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

19
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

20
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

21
Q

estrogens

A

sex hormones such as estradiol, scripted in greater amounts by females than by males contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

22
Q

testosterone

A

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

23
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

24
Q

emotion

A

a response of the whole organism involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors and (3) conscious experience

25
Q

Jame-Lange Theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. (physical before cognitive response)`

26
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion (physical and cognitive responses happen at the same time)

27
Q

Two-Facor Theory

A

the Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label that arousal. (cognitive labelling of physical responses)

28
Q

polygraph

A

a machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration, and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

29
Q

facial feedback

A

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happinness

30
Q

catharsis

A

emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

31
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomena

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

32
Q

well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

33
Q

adaptation-level phenomena

A

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

34
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

35
Q

behavioral medicine

A

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

36
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

37
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

38
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases-alarm, resistance, exhaustion

39
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle: the leading cause of death in North America.

40
Q

Type A (people)

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

41
Q

Type B (people)

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easy-going relaxed people

42
Q

psychophysiological illness

A

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress related physical illness such as hypertensions and some head aches

43
Q

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

the study of how psychological. neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

44
Q

lymphocytes

A

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B Lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.