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Flashcards in Unit 5 - Development opportunities Deck (19)
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1
Q

What are the UN Sustainable Development Goals?

A

a set of 17 goals agreed in 2016 by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to tackle to world’s issues

2
Q

Strengths of the SDGs

A
  • more collaborative compared to the Millenium Development Goals
  • more involvement from the private sector
  • holistic
  • universal
3
Q

Weaknesses of the SDGs

A
  • too many goals means that the SDGs may lack focus and are too general
  • requires a stronger and more consistent political commitment to tackling human needs and inequalities
  • difficult to get all stakeholders (national governments, transnational corporations, local and international NGOs) to cooperate
4
Q

What is the HDI?

A

Human Development Index - summary of the average achievement in key dimensions of human development

5
Q

What are the three components of the HDI?

A

longevity - life expectancy
education index
standard of living - purchasing power

6
Q

Development groups of the HDI?

A

low - 0.0 to 0.5
middle - 0.5 to 0.8
high - 0.8 to 1.0

7
Q

Strengths + weaknesses of the HDI?

A

+ more reliable than single indicators i.e. GNI
+ does not solely concentrate on economic development
+ widespread use to reveal clear global pattern
- does not account qualitative factors
- does not measure unequal distribution in the country
- no indication in the education index about access to education for all groups in society

8
Q

What is the HPI?

A

Human Poverty Index - measures deprivation in the same dimensions of basic human development as the HDI; divided into two indices (HPI-1 and HPI-2)

9
Q

HPI-1 + its focus

A

measures poverty in LICs; focuses on deprivations in three dimensions:

  • longevity
  • knowledge (adult illiteracy rate)
  • living standards
10
Q

HPI-2 + focus

A

a separate index to HPI-1 as human deprivation varies with social + economic conditions of a community ; focus on:

  • same dimensions as HPI-1
  • social exclusion (long-term unemployment rate)
11
Q

What are the indices to measure gender inequality?

A

Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Gender Inequality Index (GII)

12
Q

Gender-related Development Index (GDI) + strengths and weaknesses

A

measures achievements in the same dimensions and indicators as HDI but examines inequalities between women and men
+ informative to design tools to close the gap
- highly specialised and difficult to interpret
- do not provide accurate comparisons across countries
- try to combine too many development factors into a single measure

13
Q

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

A

a measure of inequalities between men’s and women’s opportunities in a country; it focuses on political/economic participation and decision-making, power over economic resources

14
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

A

+ tracks percentages of women in political roles and among other professions
+ gender disparity in earned income
- same as GDI
- represent an elite bias - only among the most educated and economically advantage women

15
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

measures gender inequalities in three most important aspects of human development:

  • reproductive health (maternal mortality ratio)
  • adolescent birth rates
  • empowerment (proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females)
16
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

+ includes reproductive health and goes beyond literacy and primary education
- does not capture the length and breadth of gender inequality

17
Q

Ways to empower women as set out by UN Women and UN Global Compact

A
  • establish high-level corporate leadership for gender inequality
  • treat women and men fairly at work
  • ensure health, safety and well-being of all men and women
    etc.
18
Q

Microfinance + strengths and weaknesses

A

microfinance lending schemes aim to reduce poverty, address social issues including gender discrimination and enable market access for the poor
+ increase the chances of repayment, but it also fosters an encouraging and motivating environment through the nature of its schemes.
- interest rates of loans are higher than those of commercial banks.
- likely to use the loan for other purposes such as for food or health care rather than for starting or improving their business. They might also use it to pay their other existing loans, which loses the purpose of microfinance, to begin with.
- limited entrepreneurial experience, so the loan might be wasted.
- a tool to subjugate women, as well as to seduce poor people into capitalism

19
Q

Fairtrade + strengths and weaknesses

A

A fair and ethical trade could be defined as a trade that attempts to be socially, economically and environmentally responsible