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Veterinary Pathology > Unit 4.5 and 4.6 > Flashcards

Unit 4.5 and 4.6 Flashcards

1
Q

New Growth - “an abnormal mass of tissue, with excessive and uncoordinated growth that persists after the original stimulus is absent”

A

neoplasia

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2
Q

originally used to describe inflammation, now the term implies “neoplasia”

A

tumor

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3
Q

doesn’t invade local tissues but may still cause disease

A

benign

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4
Q

invades and spreads within the body (metastasis), resulting in death

A

malignant

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5
Q

What type of progression in neoplasia?

A

stepwise

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6
Q

a disorderly pattern of growth (ill defined term)

A

dysplasia

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7
Q

loss of differentiation:

A

anaplasia

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8
Q

For tumors there is/are usually ___ cell(s) of origin. What are the two categories of cells they can be?

A

1; mesenchymal or epithelial

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9
Q

For a mesenchymal tumor, we use the suffix _____ for benign tumors, and __________ for malignant tumors.

A

-oma; -sarcoma

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10
Q

tumors that can arise from endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm:

A

epithelial

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11
Q

benign epithelial tumor, from a gland, or making a tubular pattern:

A

adenoma

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12
Q

benign epithelial tumor that is exyophytic/frondose (sticking out from a surface) from a skin or mucosal surface

A

papilloma

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13
Q

benign epithelial tumor that is smooth and bulging from the mucosal surface

A

polyp

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14
Q

Adenocarcinoma has a:

A

glandular pattern

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15
Q

malignant epithelial tumors have the suffix:

A

-carcinoma

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16
Q

preinvasive form, neoplasm remains within the epithelium without invasion

A

carcinoma in-situ

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17
Q

tumors that demonstrate stratified squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

tumors that produce abundant mucin

A

mucinous carcinoma

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19
Q

formation of abundant collage stroma (scirrhous response) around areas of tumors:

A

desmoplasia (a type a carcinoma)

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20
Q

Indicates that the tumor is particularly invasive:

A

desmoplasia

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21
Q

mixed tumors =

A

multiple cell types

22
Q

stem cell origin tumors -

A

differentiates into various mature cell types

23
Q

disorganized mature cells in a normal location

A

hamartoma

24
Q

normal mature tissue in an abnormal site (dermoid)

A

choristoma

25
Q

What are the differentiation characteristics of benign tumors? (3)

A
  • well differentiated
  • structure similar to tissue of origin
  • no anaplasia
26
Q

What are the differentiation characteristics of malignant tumors (3)?

A
  • poorly differentiated
  • tissue of origin may be unclear
  • variable anaplasia
27
Q

What are the growth rate characteristics of benign tumors (4)?

A
  • slow, progressive
  • rare mitoses
  • normal mitoses
  • little necrosis
28
Q

What are the growth rate characteristics of malignant tumors (4)

A
  • rapid growth
  • frequent mitoses
  • abnormal mitoses
  • necrosis
29
Q

What is local invasion like for benign tumors (3)?

A
  • no invasion
  • cohesive growth
  • capsule often present
30
Q

What is the local invasion like for malignant tumors (3)?

A
  • invasion
  • infiltration
  • no capsule
31
Q

variation in cell size

A

Anisocytosis

32
Q

variation in nuclear size

A

anisokaryosis

33
Q

variation in cell shape

A

pleomorphism

34
Q

nuclei become darker due to increased DNA content:

A

hyperchromasia

35
Q

Neoplastic cells escape the normal limits of what three things?

A
  • cell division
  • stimulatory/inhibitory factors
  • apoptosis
36
Q

If neoplastic cells evade most regulatory mechanisms, why is tumor growth not exponential?

A

still have irreversible cell cycle arrest and cell death within the tumors

37
Q

arrests normal cell cycle to allow DNA repair:

A

p53 (tumor suppressor)

38
Q

What can help to arrest the cell life cycle at checkpoints G1/S and G2/M?

A

DNA damage

39
Q

damaged cells permanently arrest in G1, a result of p53 or retinoblastoma pathways:

A

senescence

40
Q

the time before a tumor is clinically detectable:

A

latent period

41
Q

Neoplasia has stepwise development. What are the 3 steps?

A
  1. initiation
  2. promotion
  3. progression
42
Q

the introduction of an irredversible genetic change by a carcinogen (stable mutation in the DNA) - may allow a selective advantage in the cell:

A

initiation (1st step in stepwise development of neoplasia)

43
Q

stimuli (promoters - non mutagenic) cause the growth of the initiated cells - a benign tumor

A

promotion (2nd step in stepwise development of neoplasia)

44
Q

Benign tumors become malignant - a complex and poorly understood process of genetic and epigenetic changes in the tumor cells

A

progression (3rd step in the stepwise development of neoplasia)

45
Q

the connective tissues (collagen, proteins, glycoproteins, vessels, fibroblasts, and immune cells)

A

stroma

46
Q

Stroma may form a capsule around the tumor which helps:

A

limit spread

47
Q

an extensive fibrous reaction is often referred to as a:

A

scirrhous response

48
Q

a defining characteristic of malignancy:

A

metastasis

49
Q

How do malignant tumors spread to different sites in the body?

A

lymphatics, blood vessels, and/or direct dissemination

50
Q

penetrate endothelium and access the vessel lumen

A

intravasation

51
Q

To move through the body, epithelial cells prefer the __________ while mesenchymal cells prefer ____________.

A

lymphatics; blood vessels

Veterinary Pathology (14 decks)

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