Unit 4 - Disturbances of Differentiation & Cell Growth Flashcards

1
Q

an increased in the substance of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the NUMBER of parenchymal cells

A

hyperplasia

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2
Q

an increase in the substance of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the SIZE of already existing cells. No new cells added.

A

hypertrophy

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3
Q

___________ may occur in any tissue or organ, but ________ occurs only in those tissues whose cells retain the capacity for prolideration:

A

(In order): hypertrophy, hyperplasia

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4
Q

These processes are closely related and may develop concurrently in the same tissue or organ:

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

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5
Q

What type of tissues usually respond with hypertrophy?

A

smooth and skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What tissue types respond with hyperplasia?

A

lymphoid tissue, spleen, bone marrow

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7
Q

What is the etiology for both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A
  • increased functional demand/work load, and/or endocrine stimulation or excessive nutrition
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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis for both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A
  1. increased work load
  2. increased metabolic activity of cells
  3. proliferation of golgi complex or RER due to increased # of mitochondria
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9
Q

When much of the function of one kidney is lost, hypertrophy occurs in the remaining kidney:

A

compensatory hypertrophy

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10
Q

What is the physiologic response of the body to a thrombus on the aortic valve?

A

interferes with blood leaving left ventricle –> increases pressure in left ventricle increased work load –> myocardial fibers stretch and increase in size –> hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium

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11
Q

Hypertrophy in muscles is caused by?

A

increase in muscular activity which increases blood and nutrient supply –> increases muscle fiber size

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12
Q

How can iodine deficiency cause hypertrophy?

A

overwork of thyroid to compensate –> enlargement –> goiter

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13
Q

What is helpful in differentiating neoplasia from hyperplasia?

A

in hyperplasia, the tissue looks structurally the same - just larger

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14
Q

neoplasia, particularly malignant neoplasia will cause:

A

destruction of the tissue

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15
Q

What are the two exceptions to hyperplasia NOT destroying tissue?

A

nodular hyperplasia in the liver and spleen

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16
Q

replacement of the bone by reactive hyperplasia of fibrous CT is called:

A

fibrous osteodystrophy

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17
Q

Not associated with hepatocellular dysfunction but must be distinguished from hepatic neoplasms:

A

nodular hyperplasia of the liver

18
Q

Excessive growth of pancreatic exocrine tissue with unknown cause and lack of clinical signs:

A

nodular hyperplasia in the pancreas

19
Q

Which organ is a common site for cancer of endothelial cells? What is this cancer called?

A

spleen; hemangiosarcoma

20
Q

Nodules of hyperplasia on the spleen are of no consequence unless:

A

they form hemotomas

21
Q

white plaques along the margin of the head of the spleen that are a common incidental finding:

A

sidero-calcific plaques

22
Q

Common in old dogs and are likely a consequence of minor previous hemorrhage:

A

sidero-calcific plaques

23
Q

Hepatic coccidiosis in the rabbit is caused by Eimeria stiedae. Forsly, we see this lesion as white raised nodular areas. What are they actually?

A

distended bile ducts due to hyperplasia

24
Q

What is a common sequela of E. stiedae distending the bile ducts?

A

icterus

25
Q

Growth and distention of the bile ducts involved with E. stiedae causes what lesion in the adjacent hepatic tissue?

A

pressure atrophy

26
Q

Why does E. stiedae cause pressure atrophy?

A

because it interferes with blood supply to the adjacent hepatic tissue

27
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by:

A

prominent thickening of the septum and left ventricular free wall

28
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy is caused by:

A

taurine deficiency

29
Q

What is the morphological characteristic of the hypertrophied myofibers in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? What is this sometimes referred to as?

A

disarray and disorganization; myofiber disarray

30
Q

Polyploidy can sometimes be seen in horse livers in animals grazing in pastures that is significantly contaminated with:

A

toxic plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids

THIS IS HYPERTROPHY

31
Q

What do you think is prevalent in the toxic liver disease associated with horses ingesting toxic plants?

A

fibrosis

32
Q

Causes an proliferation of organelles and/or cell division until a new balance is reached:

A

increased cell activity

33
Q

What are the causes of physiologic hyperplasia?

A

hormonal (maturity/development)

34
Q

What are the causes of pathologic hyperplasia (Cevin)?

A
  1. Chronic irritation
  2. Endocrine
  3. Virus Induced
  4. Increased blood flow
  5. Nodular hyperplasia
35
Q

Reaction to chronic inflammation. Inherited in boxers and swedish silver foxes:

A

nodular gingival hyperplasia

36
Q

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is marked by:

A

hypertrophy of gland cells with a grossly visible bubbly appearance

37
Q

Hypertrophy seen with lymphocystis disease in fish is caused by:

A

Iridovirus infection of dermal fibroblasts

38
Q

Canine papillomavirus is an example of:

A

hyperplasia

39
Q

3 Morphological consistencies of microscopic hyperplasia:

A
  1. definite structures
  2. increased cells
  3. well differentiated
40
Q

reactive fibroblast hyperplasia and CT production:

A

fibrous osteodystrophy

41
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by (2):

A
  1. myofiber disarray

2. fibrosis