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Higher Human Biology > Unit 3: Neurobiology and Immunology - Key Area 6: Specific Cellular Defences Against Pathogens > Flashcards

Unit 3: Neurobiology and Immunology - Key Area 6: Specific Cellular Defences Against Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What is the specific immune response brought about by?

A

White blood cells called lymphocytes.

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2
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

From stem cells in the bone marrow.

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3
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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4
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes that pass into the thymus where they develop into T lymphocytes.

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5
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes that remain in the bone marrow an become B lymphocytes.

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6
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

Specific antigens on invading pathogens.

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule (often a protein) found on the surface of cells.

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of antigen?

A

Self antigens (belong to the body’s own cells) and foreign antigens (do not belong to the body’s own cells).

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9
Q

What do foreign antigens do?

A

Trigger a specific immune response.

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10
Q

What do lymphocytes have in terms of antigens?

A

Lymphocytes have a single type of antigen receptor which is specific for one antigen.

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11
Q

After foreign antigen binding what does the lymphocyte do?

A

The lymphocyte divides repeatedly, resulting in the formation of a clonal population of identical lymphocytes.

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12
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies against antigens and this leads to destruction of a pathogen.

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13
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped protein with receptor binding sites that are specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen.

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14
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Antibodies bind to their specific antigens which are on the surface/membrane of the pathogen. The resulting antigen-antibody complex can then be destroyed by a phagocyte.

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15
Q

What does an allergic reaction happen?

A

When B lymphocytes respond to antigens on substances that are harmless to the body, e.g. pollen. This hypersensitive response is called an allergic reaction.

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16
Q

What are examples of allergic reactions?

A

Hayfever and peanuts.

17
Q

Which type of lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

18
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

Destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens on the pathogen on the cell surface.

19
Q

How do T lymphocytes destroy infected body cells?

A

They attach onto the infected cells and release proteins. These proteins diffuse into the infected cells causing production of self-destructive toxic chemicals which cause cell death.

20
Q

How are remaining cells of destruction of infected cells by a T lymphocyte removed?

A

By phagocytes

21
Q

What is apoptosis and what is an example of this?

A

Programmed cell death, like T lymphocytes.

22
Q

What can T lymphocytes normally distinguish between?

A

Self antigens on the body’s own cells and non-self antigens on infected cells.

23
Q

What does failure of the regulation of the immune system lead to?

A

T lymphocytes responding to self antigens.

24
Q

What happens when T lymphocytes respond to self antigens?

A

T lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells causing autoimmune disease such as type 1 diabeties and rheumatoid arthritis.

25
Q

What are disease caused by the failure of the regulation of the immune system where T lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells?

A

Type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

26
Q

What do some B and T lymphocytes produced in the response to antigens do?

A

Survive long term as memory cells.

27
Q

How do memory cells work?

A

When the body is exposed to the same antigen for a second time the memory cells quickly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes, which destroy the invading pathogens before an individual shows symptoms.

28
Q

How does secondary response due to memory cells usually prevent diseases?

A

Antibody production is rapid and more effective than during the primary response.

29
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus.

30
Q

How does HIV work?

A

The HIV attacks and destroys T lymphocytes causing depletionof T lymphocytes which leads to the development of AIDS.

31
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

32
Q

What are the characteristics of someone with AIDS?

A

They have a weakened immune system and so are vulnerable to opportunistic infections.

33
Q

What does autoimmunity mean?

A

When the T lymphocytes attack the own body’s cells.

34
Q

Why does someone not experience symptoms if exposed to an antigen a second time?

A

The response of antibodies is more rapid and effective.

35
Q

Why are people with AIDS more likely to get ill from opportunistic infections?

A

They have a weakened immune system

Higher Human Biology (25 decks)

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