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National 5: Chemistry > Unit 3: Chemistry in Society > Flashcards

Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Flashcards

1
Q

Elements essential in Fertilisers

A

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

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2
Q

Natural Fertilisers

A

Decay of dead plants + animals

Decay of plant + animal waste

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3
Q

Synthetic Fertilisers

A

Ammonia (Haber Process)

Nitric Acid (Ostwald Process)

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4
Q

Haber Process

A

Nitrogen + Hydrogen ⇔ Amonia

450ºC

200 atm

Iron Catalyst

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5
Q

Solubility

A

Fertilisers are usually very soluble and can be washed into rivers and lochs, increasing pollution

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6
Q

Ammonia

A

Invisible gas with a characterstic smell. Very soluble and produces an alkaline solution. Released when ammonium compounds are heated with an alkali

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7
Q

Ammonia + Acid

A

Forms ammonium salts

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8
Q

Nitric Acid

A

Formed when brown gas nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water

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9
Q

Nitrogen Monoxide

A

Formed from nitrogen and oxygen in a lightning storm

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10
Q

Heavy Elements

A

Formed from lighter elements in stars

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11
Q

Radioactive Elements

A

Become more stable by giving out alpha, beta or gamma radiation

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12
Q

Nuclear Equations

A

Written to describe nuclear reactions

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13
Q

Half-Life

A

Time taken for half of the nuclei of a particular isotope to decay

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14
Q

Use of Radioactive Isotopes

A

In medicine Cobalt-60 is used to kill cancer cells

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15
Q

Alpha Particles (α)

A

Made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons (identical to helium nucleus). Heavy and Positively charged

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16
Q

Beta Particle (β)

A

Made of 1 very fast moving electron. Light and negatively charged

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17
Q

Gamma Ray (γ)

A

Part of the E-M spectrum. Has no mass, travels at the speed of light and has a very high frequency so a very high energy

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18
Q

Ionisation

A

When an atom loses or gains an electron giving it a charge

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19
Q

Alpha Penetration

A

Stopped by a few cm of air or a thin sheet of paper

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20
Q

Beta Penetration

A

Stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium

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21
Q

Gamma Penetration

A

Stopped by Lead or Concrete

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22
Q

All metals

A

Conduct electricity when solid or liquid

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23
Q

Metals are good conductors of

A

Heat

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24
Q

Density

A

How heavy a metal is

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25
Q

Malleability

A

How easily a metals shape is changed

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26
Q

Metal + Oxygen

A

→ Metal Oxides

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27
Q

Metal + Water

A

→Hydrogen + Metal Hydroxide

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28
Q

Metal + Acid

A

→Hydrogen + Salt

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29
Q

Unreactive Metals

A

Like mercury and silver (at the bottom of the ECS)

Can be obtained from ores by heat alone

30
Q

Moderately Reactive Metals

A

Obtained from their ores by heating with carbon

31
Q

Reactive Metals

A

Metals above zinc need to be extracted by other methods

32
Q

Reactive Metals’ Oxides

A

Form strong bonds with oxygen and so are difficult to reduce

33
Q

Displacement Reaction

A

Occurs when a metal higher in the ECS is added to a solution of ions of a metal lower in the ECS. Higher metal atoms lose electrons forming ions and lower metal ions gain electrons forming atoms

34
Q

Copper Ions Colour

A

Blue

35
Q

Corrosion

A

Chemical reaction that occurs on the surface of metals

36
Q

Rust Requirements

A

Oxygen and Water

37
Q

Ferroxyl Indicator

A

Can detect the presence of the corrosion of iron. Amount of blue colour formed inicates how much rusting has occured

38
Q

Preventing Rust

A

Supply electrons to iron

Sacrificial Protection

Physical Barrier

Galvanising

39
Q

Sacrificial Protection

A

More reactive metal attached to iron and corrodes instead of the iron

40
Q

Electroplating

A

Coating a metal object with a layer of another metal

41
Q

Physical Barrier

A

Iron Covered with:

  • Zinc
  • Tin
  • Plastic
  • Paint
  • Oil
42
Q

Electricity

A

Flow of electrons through a wire

43
Q

Rechargable Battery

A

When electricity is passed through them, the energy is stored as chemical energy

Eg. Lead/Acid

44
Q

Cell

A

Arrangement of two metals connected by wires to a meter with a wet filter paper placed between them

45
Q

Electrolyte

A

Conducting substance which connects and completes the circuit

46
Q

Ion Bridge

A

Conducting link which completes the circuit as it allows ions to move carrying the current between the two halves of the cell

47
Q

Oxidation

A

Reaction involving the loss of electrons

48
Q

Reduction

A

Reaction involving the gain of electrons

49
Q

Redox

A

Whole Reaction (Oxidation + Reduction)

50
Q

Synthetic Fibres

A

Polymers which show a wide range of useful properties. Man made

51
Q

Thermosoftening Plastics

A

Can be melted and reshaped

52
Q

Thermosetting Plastics

A

Cannot melt again and will decompose if heated strongly

53
Q

Biodegradable

A

Will rot when buried

54
Q

Few plastics are

A

Biodegradable

55
Q

Biodegradable Plastics - Advantage

A

Reduce waste in landfill sites

56
Q

Polymerisation

A

When monomers join up to form polymers

57
Q

Simplest alkene

A

Ethene - the starting material for many polymers

58
Q

Making ethene

A

Made from naptha

Made from various long chain hydrocarbons which come from oil by cracking

Cracking ethane from natural gas

59
Q

Common Addition Polymers

A

Poly(ethene)

Polystyrene

P.V.C

P.T.F.E

60
Q

Addition Polymerisation

A

a process involving many small, unsaturated monomers combining to form one large polymer molecule.

61
Q

Repeating Unit

A

Part of a polymer whose repetition would produce the complete polymer chain

62
Q

Condensation Polymer

A

An alcohol reacts with a corboxylic acid to make an ester

63
Q

Formation of ester links

A

Formed by the Reaction of the hydroxyl and the carboxyl functional groups

64
Q

Polyesters

A

Condensation Polymers

65
Q

Many condensation Polymers are made from

A

Monomers with 2 functional groups in the molecule

66
Q

All compounds of the group 1 metals are

A

Soluble

67
Q

All ammonium compounds are

A

Soluble

68
Q

All nitrate compounds are

A

Soluble

69
Q

Precipitation Reaction

A

Reaction between two solutions to form an insoluble salt

70
Q

Analytical Techniques

A

Flame Tests

pH measurement

Chromatograhy

National 5: Chemistry (3 decks)

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